Physiological reviewAdenosine, energy metabolism and sleep homeostasis
Section snippets
Adenosine levels during spontaneous sleep–wake cycles
The measurements of extracellular adenosine concentrations during spontaneous sleep–wake cycles during lights-on period were made in several brain areas of cats using in vivo microdialysis.*27, *56 Basal levels of adenosine measured in microdialysate samples from probes in the BF and thalamus (N = 10) were 32.8 ± 3.0 nmol/l (mean ± SEM); hence, from these data we estimated that extracellular adenosine concentrations are in the range of 165–300 nM, based on a in vitro microdialysis probe
Sleep in adenosine receptor knock-out (KO) mice
Sleep
The basal forebrain
In vitro studies have shown that in the BF adenosine decreases
Effects of prolonged wakefulness on adenosine metabolism and transport
We found no changes in the activity of AK, ecto-5′-nucleotidase or endo-5′-nucleotidase after 3 or 6 h of SD either in the BF area or in the cortex.23 Similar results have been reported by another group that measured the activities of both the cytosolic and extracellular forms of 5′-nucleotidase,104 as well as activity of ADA and AK. Enzymes were found to exhibit diurnal variation in many brain regions, while SD did not alter the activity of any of these enzymes.104 These studies suggest that
An adenosine-associated sleep factor: NO
Several molecules and groups of biologically active substances have the ability to influence vigilance states. Several cytokines (for review, see112), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),14, 113 GnRH,114, 115 chaperone protein BiP/GRP78,116 PDG282 are among substances that clearly have sleep-promoting functions.
Recently a new candidate to this group was introduced: NO.*117, *118, 119 NO is a gaseous neurotransmitter that is involved in regulation of circulation and acts also in many
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a grant from the Academy of Finland.
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