Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 167-177 , June 2010

Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents – A critical review

  • Marta Kopasz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Barbara Loessl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Magdolna Hornyak

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • Interdisciplinary Pain Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Dieter Riemann

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Christoph Nissen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Hannah Piosczyk

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Ulrich Voderholzer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, Prien, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49 761 270 6603; fax: +49 761 270 6523.

References 

  1. Born J, Rasch B, Gais S. Sleep to remember. Neuroscientist. 2006;12(5):410–424
  2. Marshall L, Born J. The contribution of sleep to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11(10):442–450
  3. Stickgold R, Walker MP. Sleep and memory: the ongoing debate. Sleep. 2005;28(10):1225–1227
  4. Stickgold R, Walker MP. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: what is the role of sleep?. Trends Neurosci. 2005;28(8):408–415
  5. Durmer JS, Dinges DF. Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Semin Neurol. 2005;25(1):117–129
  6. Maquet P. The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science. 2001;294(5544):1048–1052
  7. Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI. Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 1996;19(4):318–326
  8. Ebert CS, Drake AF. The impact of sleep-disordered breathing on cognition and behavior in children: a review and meta-synthesis of the literature. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131(6):814–826
  9. Garetz SL. Behavior, cognition, and quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: summary of the literature. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138(1 Suppl.):S19–S26
  10. Hill CM, Hogan AM, Karmiloff-Smith A. To sleep, perchance to enrich learning?. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92(7):637–643
  11. Kheirandish L, Gozal D. Neurocognitive dysfunction in children with sleep disorders. Dev Sci. 2006;9(4):388–399
  12. Mitchell RB, Kelly J. Outcomes and quality of life following adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing in children. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2007;69(6):345–348
  13. Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10(5):323–337
  14. Mitru G, Millrood DL, Mateika JH. The impact of sleep on learning and behavior in adolescents. Teach Coll Rec. 2002;104(4):704–726
  15. Walker MP, Stickgold R. Sleep, memory and plasticity. Annu Rev Psychol. 2006;57:139–166
  16. Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking for forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):829–839
  17. Squire LR, Zola SM. Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(24):13515–13522
  18. Walker MP, Stickgold R. Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron. 2004;44(1):121–133
  19. Brehmer Y, Li SC, Muller V, von Oertzen T, Lindenberger U. Memory plasticity across the life span: uncovering children's latent potential. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(2):465–478
  20. Li SC, Brehmer Y, Shing YL, Werkle-Bergner M, Lindenberger U. Neuromodulation of associative and organizational plasticity across the life span: empirical evidence and neurocomputational modeling. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(6):775–790
  21. Scherf KS, Sweeney JA, Luna B. Brain basis of developmental change in visuospatial working memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2006;18(7):1045–1058
  22. Kuboshima-Amemori S, Sawaguchi T. Plasticity of the primate prefrontal cortex. Neuroscientist. 2007;13(3):229–240
  23. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF. The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3(9):679–693
  24. Anders TF. Infant sleep, nighttime relationships, and attachment. Psychiatry. 1994;57(1):11–21
  25. Ohayon M, Carskadon M, Guilleminault C, Vitiello M. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep. 2004;27(7):1255–1273
  26. Jenni OG, Borbély AA, Achermann P. Development of the nocturnal sleep electroencephalogram in human infants. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;286:R528–R538
  27. Jenni OG, Carskadon MA. Spectral analysis of the sleep electroencephalogram during adolescence. Sleep. 2004;27:774–783
  28. Huber R. High-density sleep EEG recordings during adolescence. J Sleep Res. 2008;17(s1):S39
  29. Giedd JN. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:77–85
  30. Dahl RE. The impact of inadequate sleep on children's daytime cognitive function. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996;3(1):44–50
  31. Dang-Vu TT, Desseilles M, Peigneux P, Maquet P. A role for sleep in brain plasticity. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006;9(2):98–118
  32. Carskadon MA, Harvey K, Duke P, Anders TF, Litt IF, Dement WC. Pubertal changes in daytime sleepiness. Sleep. 1980;2(4):453–460
  33. Carskadon MA. Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents. Pediatrician. 1990;17(1):5–12
  34. Carskadon MA, Wolfson AR, Acebo C, Tzischinsky O, Seifer R. Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days. Sleep. 1998;21(8):871–881
  35. Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Seifer R. Extended nights, sleep loss, and recovery sleep in adolescents. Arch Ital Biol. 2001;139(3):301–312
  36. Laberge L, Petit D, Simard C, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Montplaisir J. Development of sleep patterns in early adolescence. J Sleep Res. 2001;10(1):59–67
  37. Taylor DJ, Jenni OG, Acebo C, Carskadon MA. Sleep tendency during extended wakefulness: insights into adolescent sleep regulation and behavior. J Sleep Res. 2005;14(3):239–244
  38. Lazaratou H, Dikeos DG, Anagnostopoulos DC, Sbokou O, Soldatos CR. Sleep problems in adolescence. A study of senior high school students in Greece. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;14(4):237–243
  39. LeBourgeois MK, Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Wolfson A, Harsh J. Sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Italian and American adolescents. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:352–354
  40. Liu X, Liu L, Owens JA, Kaplan DL. Sleep patterns and sleep problems among schoolchildren in the United States and China. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1 Suppl.):241–249
  41. Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Dev. 1998;69(4):875–887
  42. Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Jenni OG. Regulation of adolescent sleep: implications for behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:276–291
  43. Sadeh A, Gruber R, Raviv A. Sleep, neurobehavioral functioning, and behavior problems in school-age children. Child Dev. 2002;73(2):405
  44. Steenari MR, Vuontela V, Paavonen EJ, Carlson S, Fjallberg M, Aronen E. Working memory and sleep in 6- to 13-year-old schoolchildren. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(1):85–92
  45. Oginska H, Pokorski J. Fatigue and mood correlates of sleep length in three age-social groups: school children, students, and employees. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(6):1317–1328
  46. Buckhalt JA, El Sheikh M, Keller P. Children's sleep and cognitive functioning: race and socioeconomic status as moderators of effects. Child Dev. 2007;78(1):213–231
  47. Dworak M, Schierl T, Bruns T, Strüder HK. Impact of singular excessive computer game and television exposure on sleep patterns and memory performance of school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5):978–985
  48. Tassi P, Muzet A. Sleep inertia. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4:341–353
  49. Carskadon MA, Harvey K, Dement WC. Acute restriction of nocturnal sleep in children. Percept Mot Skills. 1981;53(1):103–112
  50. Randazzo AC, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK, Walsh JK. Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10–14. Sleep. 1998;21(8):861–868
  51. Sadeh A, Gruber R, Raviv A. The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: what a difference an hour makes. Child Dev. 2003;74(2):444–455
  52. Carskadon MA, Harvey K, Dement WC. Sleep loss in young adolescents. Sleep. 1981;4(3):299–312
  53. Gais S, Lucas B, Born J. Sleep after learning aids memory recall. Learn Mem. 2006;13:259–262
  54. Gomez RL, Bootzin RR, Nadel L. Naps promote abstraction in language-learning infants. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(8):670–674
  55. Fischer S, Wilhelm I, Born J. Developmental differences in sleep's role for implicit off-line learning: comparing children with adults. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19(2):214–227
  56. Backhaus J, Hoeckesfeld R, Born J, Hohagen F, Junghanns K. Immediate as well as delayed post learning sleep but not wakefulness enhances declarative memory consolidation in children. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2008;89(1):76–80
  57. Wilhelm I, Diekelmann S, Born J. Sleep in children improves memory performance on declarative but not procedural tasks. Learn Mem. 2008;15:373–377
  58. Rauchs G, Desgranges B, Foret J, Eustache F. The relationships between memory systems and sleep stages. J Sleep Res. 2005;14:123–140
  59. Plihal W, Born J. Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9(4):534–548
  60. Horne JA. Sleep loss and “divergent” thinking ability. Sleep. 1988;11:528–536
  61. Horne JA. Human sleep, sleep loss, and behaviour: implications for the prefrontal cortex and psychiatric disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;162:413–419
  62. Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science. 1994;265:676–685
  63. Maquet P, Laureys S, Peigneux P. Experience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3:831–836
  64. Ribeiro S, Nicolelis MA. Reverberation, storage, and postsynaptic propagation of memories during sleep. Learn Mem. 2004;11:686–696
  65. Schabus M, Gruber G, Parapatics S. Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation. Sleep. 2004;27:1479–1485
  66. Datta S, Mavanji V, Ulloor J, Patterson EH. Activation of phasic pontine-wave generator prevents rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-induced learning impairment in the rat: a mechanism for sleep-dependent plasticity. J Neurosci. 2004;24:1416–1427
  67. Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:49–62
  68. Paller KA, Voss JL. Memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep. Learn Mem. 2004;11(6):664–670
  69. Rasch B, Buchel C, Gais S, Born J. Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation. Science. 2007;315:1426–1429
  70. Delis D, Kramer J, Kaplan E, Ober B. California verbal learning test – children's version: manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Co.; 2008;
  71. Boll T. Children's category test: manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Co.; 1993;
  72. Walker MP, Brakefield T, Seidman J, Morgan A, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. Learn Mem. 2003;10(4):275–284
  73. Evans-Pritchard E. Peoples of the earth. Suffern, NY: Danbury Press; 1972;
  74. Anourova I, Rämä P, Alho K, Koivusalo S, Kahnari J, Carlson S. Selective interference reveals dissociation between auditory memory for location and pitch. Neuroreport. 1999;10:3543–3547
  75. Letz R. Use of computerised test batteries for quantifying neurobehavioral outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 1991;90:195–198
  76. Lubin A, Moses J, Johnson L, Naitoh P. The recuperative effects of REM and stage 4 sleep on human performance after complete sleep loss: experiment 1. Psychophysiology. 1974;11:133–146
  77. Thomas KM, Hunt RH, Vizueta N, Sommer T, Durston S, Yang Y, et al. Evidence of developmental differences in implicit sequence learning: an fMRI study of children and adults. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008;16:1339–1351
  78. Peigneux P, Laureys S, Fuchs S, Destrebecqz A, Collette F, Delbeuck X, et al. Learned material content and acquisition level modulate cerebral reactivation during posttraining rapid-eye-movements sleep. Neuroimage. 2003;20(2):125–134
  79. Woodcock RW, McGrew KS, Mather M. Woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive ability. Itasca NY: Riverside Publishing; 2001;
  80. Torrance E. Torrance test of creative thinking. Manual. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service, Inc.; 1990;
  81. Schellig D, Schaechtele B. Visueller und Verbaler Merkfähigkeitstest. Hogrefe: Goettingen; 2001;
  82. Adams D, Sheslow W. Wide range assessment of memory and learning. Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace&Co; 1990;
  83. Wilkinson RT. Sleep deprivation: performance tests for partial and selective sleep deprivation. In:  Abt LE,  Riess BF editor. Progress in clinical psychology. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1968;
  84. Williams HL, Gieseking CF, Lubin A. Some effects of sleep loss on memory. Percept Mot Skills. 1966;23:1287–1293
  85. Heaton R. Wisconsin card sorting test: manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 1981;
  86. Plihal W, Born J. Memory consolidation in human sleep depends on inhibition of glucocorticoid release. Neuroreport. 1999;10(13):2741–2747
  87. Beebe DW, DiFrancesco MW, Tlustos SJ, McNally KA, Holland SK. Preliminary fMRI findings in experimentally sleep-restricted adolescents engaged in a working memory task. Behav Brain Funct. 2009;5:9

PII: S1087-0792(09)00116-6

doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.006

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 167-177 , June 2010

Article Tools