Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 13, Issue 2 , Pages 157-168 , April 2009

Parasomnias in childhood

References* 

  1. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology. 1992;42(Suppl. 6):44–51
  2. Sekiguchi Y, Koshima S. Resting behaviors of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Physiol Behav. 2003;79:643–653
  3. Lyamin O, Pryaslova J, Kosenko P, Siegel J. Behavioral aspects of sleep in bottlenose dolphins mothers and their calves. Physiol Behav. 2007;92:725–733
  4. Lyamin OI, Mukhamltov LM, Siegel JM, Nazarenko EA, Polyakova IG, Shpak OV. Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whale. Behav Brain Res. 2002;129:125–129
  5. Lyamin OI, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM. Relationship between sleep and eye state in cetaceans and pinnepeds. Arch Italiennes de Biologie. 2004;142:557–568
  6. Tobler I. Is sleep fundamentally different between mammalian species?. Behav Brain Res. 1995;69:35–41
  7. Hamburger V. Fetal behavior. In:  Hafez ES editors. The mammalian fetus. Comparative biology and methodology. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas; 1975;p. 69–81
  8. Frank MG, Heller C. The ontogeny of mammalian sleep: a reappraisal of alternative hypotheses. J Sleep Res. 2003;12:25–34
  9. Parmelee AH, Wenner WH, Akiyama Y, Schultz M, Stern E. Sleep states in premature infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1967;9(1):70–77
  10. Bertelle V, Mabin D, Adrien J, Sizun J. Sleep of preterm neonates under developmental care or regular environmental conditions. Early Hum Dev. 2005;81(7):595–600
  11. Saraga M, Rešić B, Krnić D, Jelavić T, Krnić D, Sinovčić I, et al. A stereotypic “elbowing” movement. A possible new primitive reflex in newborns. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;36(2):84–87
  12. Hafstrom M, Kjellmer I. Non-nutritive sucking in sick pre-term infants. Early Hum Dev. 2001;63:37–52
  13. Grillner S, Wallen P, Saitoh K, Kozlov A, Robertson B. Neural bases of goal-directed locomotion in vertebrates – an overview. Brain Res Rev. 2008;57:2–12
  14. Nakamura Y, Katakura N, Nakajima M, Liu J. Rhythm generation for food-ingestive movements. Prog Brain Res. 2004;143:97–103
  15. Nakamura Y, Katakura N. Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstem. Neurosci Res. 1995;23:1–9
  16. Mor Y, Lev-Tov A. Analysis of rhythmic patterns produced by spinal neural networks. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98:2807–2817
  17. Cazalets JR, Sqalli-Houssaini Y, Clarac F. Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino acids in neonatal rat. J Physiol. 1992;455:187–204
  18. Gezelius H, Wallen-Mackenzie A, Enjin A, Lagerstrom M, Kullander K. Role of glutamate in locomotor rhythm generating neuronal circuitry. J Physiology – Paris. 2006;100:297–303
  19. Cowley KC, Zaporozhets E, Maclean JN, Schmidt BJ. Is NMDA receptor activation essential for the production of locomotor-like activity in the neonatal spinal cord?. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94:3805–3814
  20. Branchereau P, Chapron J, Meyrand P. Descending 5-hydroxytryptamine raphe inputs repress the expression of serotonergic neurons and slow the maturation of inhibitory systems in mouse embryonic spinal cords. J Neurosci. 2002;22:2598–2606
  21. Schmidt BJ, Jordan LM. The role of serotonin in reflex modulation and locomotor rhythm production in mammalian spinal cord. Brain Res Bull. 2000;53:689–710
  22. Parrino L, Halasz P, Tassinari CA, Terzano MG. CAP, epilepsy and motor events during sleep: the unifying role of arousal. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:267–285
  23. Huttenlocher PR, de Courten C. The development of striate cortex in man. Hum Neurobiol. 1987;6:1
  24. Volpe JJ. Neuronal proliferation, migration, organization and myelination. In:  Volpe JJ editors. Neonatal neurology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995;p. 73–74
  25. Cruz DA, Eggan SM, Lewis DA. Postnatal development of pre and post synaptic GABA markers at chandelier cell connections with pyramidal neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2003;465:385–400
  26. Klackenberg G. Incidence of parasomnias in children in a general population. In:  Guilleminault C editors. Sleep and its disorders in children. New York: Raven Press; 1987;p. 99–113
  27. Petit D, Touchette E, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Montplaisir J. Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e1016–e1025
  28. Sateia MJ. Sleep starts. American academy of sleep medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed.. 2005;Westchester, IL. p. 208–10
  29. Walters AS. Clinical identification of simple sleep-related movement disorders. Chest. 2007;131:1260–1266
  30. Ramelli GP, Sozzo AB, Vella S, Bianchetti MG. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus: an under-recognized, non-epileptic condition. Acta Pediatr. 2005;94(7):962–963
  31. Mason TBA, Pack AI. Pediatric parasomnias. In:  Marcus CL,  Carroll JL,  Donnely DF,  Loughlin GM editor. Sleep in children. New York: Informa Health Care; 2008;p. 223–241
  32. Ohayon MM, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne S. Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population. Neurology. 1999;52(6):1194–2000
  33. Otto M, Simon NM, Powers M, Hinton D, Zalta AK, Pollack MH. Rates of isolated sleep paralysis in outpatients with anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disord. 2006;20:687–693
  34. Sheldon SH. Parasomnias in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51:69–88
  35. Stores G. Parasomnias of childhood and adolescence. Sleep Med Clinics. 2007;2:405–417
  36. Terzano MG, Parrino L. Origin and significance of the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP). Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4:101–123
  37. Bruni O, Ferri R, Novelli L, Finotti E, Miano S, Guilleminault C. NREM sleep instability in children with sleep terrors: the role of slow wave interruptions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119:985–992
  38. Mehlenbeck R, Spirito A, Owens J, Boergers J. The clinical presentation of childhood partial arousals parasomnias. Sleep Med. 2000;1:307–312
  39. Rosen GM, Mahowald MW. Disorders of arousal in children. In:  Sheldon SH,  Ferber R,  Kryger MH editor. Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005;p. 293–304
  40. Laberge L, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J. Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence. Pediatrics. 2000;159:1070–1078
  41. Aridon P, Marini C, Di Resta C, Brilli E, De Fusco M, Politi F, et al. Increased sensitivity of the neuronal nicotinic receptor α-2 subunit causes familial epilepsy with nocturnal wandering and ictal fear. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;79:342–359
  42. Steillein OK, Mulley JC, Propping P, Wallace RH, Phillips HA, Sutherland GR, et al. A missense mutation in the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α-4 subunit is associated with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat Genet. 1995;11:201–203
  43. Diaz-Otero F, Quesada M, Morales-Corraliza J, Martinez-Parra C, Gomez-Garre P, Serratosa JM. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy with a mutation in the CHRNB2 gene. Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):516–520
  44. Tinuper P, Provini F, Bisulli F, Viganatelli L, Plazzi G, Vetrugno R, et al. Movement disorders in sleep: guidelines for differentiating epileptic from non-epileptic motor phenomena arising from sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11:255–267
  45. Nobili L. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy and non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias: differences and similarities. Guest editorial Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11:251–254
  46. Hopkins J, Isaacs C, Pitterle P. A developmental approach to sleep problems in toddlers. In:  Schafer CE editors. Clinical handbook of sleep disorders in children. Northvale, New Jersey: Aronson, Inc.; 1995;p. 103–124
  47. Johnson MC, Lerner M. Amelioration of infant sleep disturbances: effects of scheduled awakenings by compliant parents. Infant Ment Health J. 1985;6:21–30
  48. Tobin JD. Treatment of somnambulism with anticipatory awakening. J Pediatr. 1991;122(3):426–427
  49. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders . Diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed.. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005;
  50. Wikipedia . http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmares
  51. Powell N. Fuseli: the nightmare. London: Allen Lane, ISBN: 0-7139-0274-4.
  52. Bixler E, Kales A, Soldatos C, Kales JD, Healey S. Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:1257–1262
  53. Partinen M, Hublin C. Epidemiology of sleep disorders. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and practice in sleep medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000;p. 558–579
  54. Sadeh A. Cognitive behavioral treatment for childhood sleep disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:612–628
  55. Halliday . Treating nightmares in children. In:  Schafer CE editors. Clinical handbook of sleep disorders in children. Northvale, New Jersey: Aronson, Inc.; 1995;p. 149–175
  56. Hauri PJ, Silber MH, Boeve BF. The treatment of parasomnias with hypnosis: a 5-year follow up study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3:369–373
  57. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. Nature. 2005;437:1279–1285
  58. Nevsimalova S, Prihodiva I, Kemlink D, Lin L, Mignot E. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8:784–786
  59. Sheldon SH, Jacobsen J. REM – sleep motor disorder in children. J Child Neurol. 1998;13:257–260
  60. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:3–10
  61. Bourgin P, Huitron-Resendiz S, Spier AD, Fabre V, Morte B, Criado JR, et al. Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons. J Neurosci. 2000;20:7760–7765
  62. Vetrugno R, Provini F, Plazzi G, Vignatelli L, Lugaresi E, Montagna P. Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): a new type of parasomnia. Neurology. 2001;56:681–683
  63. Guilleminault C, Hagen CC, Khaja AM. Catathrenia: parasomnia or uncommon feature of sleep disordered breathing?. Sleep. 2008;31:132–139
  64. Erdogan A, Akkurt H, Boettjer NK, Yurtseven E, Can G, Kiran S. Prevalence and behavioral correlates of enuresis in young children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44:297–301
  65. Wen JG, Wang QW, Chen Y, Wen JJ, Liu K. An epidemiological study of primary nocturnal enuresis in Chinese children and adolescents. Eur Urol. 2006;49(6):1107–1113
  66. Sheldon SH. Sleep-related enuresis. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1996;5:661–672
  67. Sheldon SH. Sleep related enuresis. In:  Sheldon SH,  Ferber R,  Kryger MH editor. Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005;p. 317–325
  68. Hublin C, Kaprio J. Genetic aspects and genetic epidemiology of parasomnias. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(5):413–421
  69. Abe K, Oda N, Hatta H. Behavioral genetics of early childhood: fears, motion sickness, and enuresis. Acta Genet Med Gemellol. 1984;33:303–306
  70. Frietag CM, Rohling D, Seifen S, Pukrop R, von Gontard A. Neurophysiology of nocturnal enuresis: evoked potentials and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(4):278–284
  71. Van Hoeck KJ, Bael A, lax H, Hirche H, Bernaerts K, Vandermaelen V, et al. Improving the cure rate of alarm treatment for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis by increasing bladder capacity: a randomized controlled trial in children. J Urol. 2008;179:1122–1126
  72. Kamperis K, Hagstroem S, Rittig S, Djurhuus JC. Combination of the enuresis alarm and desmopressin: second line treatment for nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 2008;179:817–818
  73. Canet-Sanz T, Oltra C. A study of parasomnias in the prepubertal age (Spanish). Rev Neurol. 2007;45:12–17
  74. Barbosa T de S, Miyakoda LS, Pocztaruk Rde L, Rocha CP, Gaviao MB. Temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in childhood and adolescence: review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:299–314
  75. Restrepo CC, Vasquez LM, Alvarez M, Valencia I. Personality traits and temporomandibular disorders in a group of children with bruxism behavior. J Oral Rehab. 2008;35:585–593
  76. Eftekharian A, Raad A, Gholami-Ghasri N. Bruxism and adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:509–511
  77. Macedo CR, Silva AB, Machado MA, Saconato H, Prado GF. Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;17:CD005514
  78. Provini F, Vetrugno R, Pastorelli F, Lombardi C, Plazzi G, Marliani AF, et al. Status dissociatus after surgery for tegmental ponto-mesencephalic cavernoma: a state dependent disorder of motor control during sleep. Mov Disord. 2004;19:719–724

PII: S1087-0792(08)00107-X

doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.09.005

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 13, Issue 2 , Pages 157-168 , April 2009