Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 13, Issue 2 , Pages 169-180 , April 2009

Narcolepsy in childhood

  • Sona Nevsimalova

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +420 224965562, 607810139 (mobile); fax: +420 224922678.

References* 

  1. International classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed.. Westchester, IL, USA: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005;
  2. Nevsimalova S. Narcolepsy in children and adolescents. In:  Bassetti C,  Billiard M,  Mignot E editor. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. USA: Informa Healthcare; 2007;p. 67–75
  3. McKenna C, McNicholas F. Childhood onset narcolepsy. A case report. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;12:43–47
  4. Guilleminault C, Pelayo R. Narcolepsy in prepubertal children. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:135–142
  5. Morrish E, King MA, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2004;5:37–41
  6. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002;58:1826–1833
  7. Silber MH, Krahn LE, Olson EJ, Pankratz VS. The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Sleep. 2002;25:197–202
  8. Dauvilliers Y, Montplaisir J, Molinari N, Carlander B, Ondze B, Besset A, et al. Age at onset of narcolepsy in two large populations of patients in France and Quebec. Neurology. 2001;57:2029–2033
  9. Challamel MJ, Mazzola ME, Nevšímalová S, Cannard C, Louis J, Revol S, et al. Sleep. 1994;17(Suppl. 8):S17–S20
  10. Nevsimalova S, Mignot E, Šonka K, Arrigoni JL. Familial aspects of narcolepsy–cataplexy in the Czech Republic. Sleep. 1997;20:1021–1026
  11. Ohayon MM, Ferini-Strambi L, Plazzi G, Smirne S, Castronovo V, et al. Frequency of narcolepsy symptoms and other sleep disorders in narcoleptic patients and their first-degree relatives. J Sleep Res. 2005;14:437–445
  12. Kadotani H, Faraco J, Mignot E. Genetic studies in the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Genome Res. September 5, 2007;8:427–434www.genome.org
  13. Dauvilliers Y, Gosselin A, Paquet J, Touchon J, Billiard M, Montplaisir J. Effect of age on MSLT results in patients with narcolepsy–cataplexy. Neurology. 2004;62:46–50
  14. Guilleminault C, Mignot E, Partinen M. Narcolepsy diagnosis and epidemiology. Controversies in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994;17:S1–S6
  15. Young D, Zorick F, Witting R, Roehrs T, Roth T. Narcolepsy in a pediatric population. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:210–213
  16. Mignot E. Sleep, sleep disorder and hypocretin (orexin). Sleep Med. 2004;5(Suppl. 1):S2–S8
  17. Lecendreux M, Maret S, Bassetti C, Mouren MC, Taffin M. Clinical efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins near the onset of narcolepsy in a 10-year-old-boy. Letter to the Editor J Sleep Res. 2003;12:1–2
  18. Dauvilliers Y, Carlander B, River F, Touchon J, Tafti M. Successful management of cataplexy with intravenous immunoglobulins at narcolepsy onset. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:905–908
  19. Dauvillier Y. Follow-up of four narcolepsy patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Letter, American Neurological Association. Wiley-Liss, Inc., through Wiley Subscription Service; 2006.
  20. Hecht M, Lin L, Kushida CA, Umetsu DT, Taheri S, Einen M, et al. Immunosuppression with prednisone in an 8-year-old boy with an acute onset of hypocretin deficiency/narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003;26:809–810
  21. Nishino S. Clinical and neurobiological aspects of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8:373–399
  22. Mignot E. Narcolepsy: pharmacology, pathophysiology and genetics. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier Sounders; 2005;p. 761–779
  23. Kanbayashi T, Yano T, Ishiguro H, Kawanishi K, Chiba S, Aizawa R, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) levels in human lumbar CSF in different age groups: infants to elderly persons. Sleep. 2002;25:337–339
  24. Tsukamoto H, Ishikawsa T, Fujii Y, Fukumitu M, Sugai K, Kanbayashi T. Undetectable levels of CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) in two prepubertal boys with narcolepsy. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33:51–52
  25. Kubota H, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, Ito M, Takanashi J, Kohno Y, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 levels near the onset of narcolepsy in 2 prepubertal children. Sleep. 2003;26:555–557
  26. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Nevsimalova S, Lammers GJ, Vankova J, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet. 2000;355:39–40
  27. Gerashchenko D, Murillo-Rodrigues E, Lin L, Xu M, Hallett L, Nishino S, et al. Relationship between CSF hypocretin levels and hypocretin neuronal loss. Exp Neurol. 2003;184:1010–1016
  28. Billiard M, Orellana C. Environmental factors in narcolepsy. In:  Bassetti C,  Billiard M,  Mignot E editor. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. USA: Informa Healthcare; 2007;p. 443–450
  29. Guilleminault C, Pelayo R. Narcolepsy in children. A practical guide to its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Paediatr Drug. 2000;2:1–9
  30. Hood BM, Harbord MG. Paediatric narcolepsy: complexities of diagnosis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38:618–621
  31. Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, Ripley B, Overeem S, Charnay Y, et al. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med. 2000;6:991–997
  32. Nevsimalova S, Vankova J, Sonka K, Faraco J, Rogers W, Overeem S, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy–cataplexy (in Czech). Sb Lek. 2000;101:381–386
  33. Nevsimalova S, Roth B, Zouhar A, Zemanova H. The occurrence of narcolepsy–cataplexy and periodic hypersomnia in early childhood. In:  Koella WP,  Obal F,  Schulz H,  Wisser P editor. Sleep '86. Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fisher Verlag; 1988;p. 399–401
  34. Hayes D. Narcolepsy with cataplexy in early childhood. Clin Pediatr. 2006;45:361–383
  35. Sharp SJ, D'Cruz OF. Narcolepsy in a 12 months old boy. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:145–146
  36. Winter E, Prengergast M, Green A. Narcolepsy in a 2-year-old boy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:356–370
  37. Lent C, Somajni F. Narcolepsy in an 8-year old boy: neurologic and psychiatric study. J Child Neurol. 1998;13:405–407
  38. Witmans MB, Kirk VG. Infancy onset of symptoms of narcolepsy in a child. Clin Pediatr. 2002;41:609–612
  39. Iglowstein I, Jenni O, Molinari L, Largo R. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics. 2003;111:302–307
  40. Nevsimalova S, Pretl M, Vankova J, Blazejova K, Sonka K. Narcolepsy in children and adolescents. In:  Evrard P,  Richelme C,  Tardieu M editor. 3rd EPNS Congress. Bologna: Monduzzi; 1999;p. 73–77
  41. Challamel MJ. Hypersomnia in children. In:  Billiard M editors. Sleep – physiology, investigation and medicine. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003;p. 457–468
  42. Wise MS. Childhood narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998;50(Suppl. 1):S37–S42
  43. Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, Ling L, Mignot E. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8:784–786
  44. Nevsimalova S, Vankova S, Pretl M, Bruck D. Narcolepsy in children and adolescents – clinical and psychosocial aspects (in Czech). Ces Slov Neurol Neurochir. 2002;65:169–174
  45. Kotagal S. Narcolepsy in childhood. In:  Sheldon SH,  Ferber R,  Kryger MH editor. Practices and principles of pediatric sleep medicine. Elsevier Saunders; 2005;p. 171–182
  46. Stores G, Montgomery P, Wiggs L. The psychosocial problems of children with narcolepsy and those with excessive daytime sleepiness of uncertain origin. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1116–1123
  47. Khatami R, Birkmann S, Bassetti C. Amygdala dysfunction in narcolepsy–cataplexy. J Sleep Res. 2007;16:226–229
  48. Tucci V, Plazzi G. Cataplexy: an affair of pleasure or an unpleasant affair? Neurosci Lett 2009;450:90–91.
  49. Dahl RE, Holttum J, Trubnick L. A clinical picture of child and adolescent narcolepsy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:834–841
  50. Kotagal S, Krahn LE, Slocumb N. A putative link between childhood narcolepsy and obesity. Sleep Med. 2004;5:147–150
  51. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Nevsimalova S, Lammers GJ, Vankova J, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:381–388
  52. Arnulf I, Lin L, Zhang J, Russel J, Ripley Einen M, et al. CSF versus serum leptin in narcolepsy: is there an effect of hypocretin deficiency?. Sleep. 2006;29:1017–1024
  53. Chabas D, Foulon C, Gonzales J, Nasr M, Caen OL, Willer JC, et al. Eating disorder and metabolism in narcoleptic patients. Sleep. 2007;30:1267–1273
  54. Ferguson AV, Samson WK. The orexin/hypocretin system: a critical regulator of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2003;24:141–150
  55. Jaszberenyi M, Bujdoso E, Pataki I, Telegdy G. Effects of orexins on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. J Neuroendocrinol. 2000;12:1174–1178
  56. Plazzi G, Parmeggiani A, Mignot E, Lin L, Scano MC, Posar A, et al. Narcolepsy–cataplexy associated with precocious puberty. Neurology. 2006;66:1577–1579
  57. Nishino S, Kanbayashi T. Symptomatic narcolepsy, cataplexy and hypersomnia, and their implication in the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin system. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9:269–310
  58. Marcus CL, Trescher WH, Halbower AC, Lutz J. Secondary narcolepsy in children with brain tumors. Sleep. 2002;25:435–439
  59. Vankova J, Stepanova I, Jech R, Elleder M, Ling L, Mignot E, et al. Sleep disturbance and hypocretin deficiency in Niemann–Pick disease type C. Sleep. 2003;26:427–430
  60. Smit LS, Lammers GL, Catsman-Berrevoets CE. Cataplexy leading to the diagnosis of Niemann–Pick disease. Ped Neurol. 2006;35:82–84
  61. Carskadon M, Rechtschaffen A. Monitoring and staging human sleep. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier Sounders; 2005;p. 1359–1377
  62. Kotagal S, Hartse KM, Walch JK. Characteristics of narcolepsy in pre-teenaged children. Pediatrics. 1990;85:205–209
  63. Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Roth T, Westbrook P, Keeenan S. Guidelines for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. Sleep. 1986;9:519–524
  64. Carskadon MA, Harvey K, Duke P, Anders TF, Litt IF, Dement WC. Pubertal change in daytime sleepiness. Sleep. 1980;3:453–460
  65. Kotagal S, Goulding PM. The laboratory assessment of daytime sleepiness in childhood. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;13:208–218
  66. Huang YS, Tafti M, Guilleminault C. Daytime sleepiness with and without cataplexy in Chinese–Taiwanese patients. Sleep Med. 2006;7:454–457
  67. Pollmacher T, Dalal MA, Schuld A. Immunoendocrine abnormalities in narcolepsy. Sleep Med Clin. 2007;2:293–302
  68. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, Okun M, Nevsimalova S, Overeem S, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1553–1562
  69. Nelson GB, Hahn JS. Stimulus-induced drop episodes in Coffin–Lowry syndrome. Pediatrics. 2003;111:e197–e202
  70. Stephenson JB, Hoffman MC, Russell AJ, Falconer J, Beach RC, Tolmie JL, et al. The movement disorders of Coffin–Lowry syndrome. Brain Dev. 2005;27:108–113
  71. Nevšímalová S. Differential diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnia. Vigilia-Sueno. 1998;10(Suppl.):S85–S96
  72. Krahn LE, Hansen MR, Shepard JW. Pseudocataplexy. Psychosomatics. 2001;42:356–358
  73. Krahn LE. Reevaluating spells initially identified as cataplexy. Sleep Med. 2005;6:537–542
  74. Ivanenko A, Tauman R, Gozal D. Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children. Sleep Med. 2003;4:579–582
  75. Murali H, Kotagal S. Off-label treatment of severe childhood narcolepsy–cataplexy with sodium oxybate. Sleep. 2006;29:1020–1025
  76. Guilleminault C, Fromherz S. Narcolepsy: diagnosis and management. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier Sounders; 2005;p. 780–790

PII: S1087-0792(08)00050-6

doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.007

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 13, Issue 2 , Pages 169-180 , April 2009

Article Tools