« Previous
Next »
Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 7, Issue 5
, Pages 423-440
, October 2003
Sleep spindles: an overview
References
-
.
Über das Elektroencephalogram des Menschen. Sechste Mitteilung.
Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1933;99:555–574
-
.
Potential rhythms of the cerebral cortex during sleep.
Science. 1935;81:597–598
- . Coherent oscillations and short-term plasticity in corticothalamic networks. Trends Neurosci. 1999;22:337–345
-
.
Intracellular analysis of relations between the slow (<1
Hz) neocortical oscillation and other sleep rhythms of the electroencephalogram.
J Neurosci. l993;13:3266–3283 - . Dynamics of electroencephalographic sleep spindles and slow wave activity in men: effect of sleep deprivation. Brain Res. 1993;626:190–199
-
.
A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Los Angeles: Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute, University of California; 1968;
- . Attenuated amplitude of circadian and sleep-dependent modulation of electroencephalographic sleep spindle characteristics in elderly human subjects. Neurosci Lett. 1999;260:29–32
- . Topographic distribution of sleep spindles in young healthy subjects. J Sleep Res. 1997;6:149–155
-
.
High resolution study of sleep spindles.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110:2136–2147
- . The stability of the sigma sleep spindle. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1976;40:666–670
- . Characteristics of spindle activity and their use in evaluation of hypnotics. Sleep. 1982;5:95–105
- . Spindle density in sleep of normal subjects. Sleep. 1981;4:385–391
- . Sleep spindles in normal elderly: comparison with young adult patterns and relation to nocturnal awakening, cognitive function and brain atrophy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1986;63:526–539
- . Spindle frequencies in sleep EEG show U-shape within first four NREM sleep episodes. J Sleep Res. 2002;11:35–42
- . Effect of slow-wave sleep deprivation on topographical distribution of spindles. Behav Brain Res. 2000;116:55–59
- . All-night dynamics of the human sleep EEG. J Sleep Res. 1993;2:70–81
- . Effect of age on the sleep EEG: slow-wave activity and spindle frequency activity in young and middle-aged men. Brain Res. 1996;738:205–212
- . Dynamics of EEG spindle frequency activity during extended sleep in humans: relationship to slow-wave activity and time of day. Brain Res. 1997;748:131–136
- . Sleep spindles. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1985;2:1–35
- . Topographical distribution of spindles: variations between and within NREM sleep cycles. Sleep Res Online. 2000;3:155–160
- . Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1981;51:453–483
- . EEG slow waves and sleep spindles: windows on the sleeping brain. Behav Brain Res. 1995;69:109–116
- . Dynamic relationships between sleep spindles and delta waves during a NREM period. Brain Res Bull. 1994;33:351–355
- . Spindle frequency activity in the sleep EEG: individual differences and topographic distribution. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;103:535–542
- . Topographical analysis of sleep spindle activity. Neuropsychobiology. 1992;26:210–217
- . Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci. 1995;15:3526–3538
-
.
Variation of electroencephalographic activity during non- rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep with phase of circadian melatonin rhythm in humans.
J Physiol Lond. 1997;505:851–858
- . Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:728–735
- . Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation. Neuroscience. 2000;101:243–276
-
.
Integration of low-frequency sleep oscillations in corticothalamic networks.
Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2000;60:229–245
- . Abolition of spindle oscillations in thalamic neurons disconnected from nucleus reticularis thalami. J Neurophysiol. 1985;54:1473–1497
- . The deafferented reticularis thalami nucleus genrates spindle rhythmicity. J Neurophysiol. 1987;57:260–273
- . Cellular mechanims of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus. Science. 1993;261:361–364
-
.
Self-sustained rhythmic activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus mediated by depolarizing GABAA receptor potentials.
Nature Neurosci. 2000;2:168–174
- . Spindle rhythmicity in the thalamic reticular nucleus: synchronization among mutually inhibitory neurons. Neuroscience. 1993;53:899–904
- . A model of spindle rhythmicity in the isolated thalamic reticular nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72:803–818
- . Synchronization properties of spindle oscillations in a thalamic reticular nucleus model. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72:1109–1126
- . Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships. J Neurosci. 1995;15:604–622
-
.
Short- and long-range neuronal synchronization of the slow (<1
Hz) cortical oscillations.
J Neurophysiol. 1995;75:20–38 -
.
Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback.
Science. 1996;274:6771–6774
- . Cortically-induced coherence of a thalamic-generated oscillation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:427–443
- . Functional changes of the brainstem triggering vertex sharp wave with spindle. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;53:167–169
- . Dual control of the brainstem on the spindle oscillation in humans. Brain Res. 2000;882:103–111
-
.
Brainstem origin for a new very slow (1
mHz) oscillation in the human non-REM sleep episode.
Sleep Res Online. 2000;3:53–59 - . Effect of zolpidem on sleep and sleep EEG spectra in healthy young men. Psychopharmacology Berl. 1991;104:1–5
- . Effect of zopiclone and midazolam on sleep and EEG spectra in a phase-advanced sleep schedule. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990;3:11–18
-
.
Spatiotemporal changes of slow wave activities before and after 14
Hz/12
Hz sleep spindles during stage 2 sleep.
Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;55:183–184 -
.
Sigma (12–15
Hz) and Delta (0.3–3
Hz) EEG oscillate reciprocally within NREM sleep.
Brain Res Bull. 1991;27:93–96 - . Relationship between the time courses of power in the frequency bands of human sleep EEG. Neurophysiol Clin. 1997;27:116–128
- . Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science. 1993;262:679–685
- . A neuronal transition probability model for the evolution of power in the sigma and delta frequency bands of sleep EEG. Physiol Behav. 1997;62:585–589
-
.
The neuronal transition probability model applied to the simulation of frequency continuity in NREM sleep.
Sleep Res Online. 1999;2:64
-
.
Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man.
Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 1981;51:483–493
-
.
Quantitative analysis of the effect of slow wave sleep deprivation during the first 3
h of sleep on subsequent EEG power density.
Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci. 1987;236:323–328 - . Time course of EEG power density during long sleep in humans. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:R650–R661
- . EEG power density during recovery sleep in the morning. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991;78:203–214
- . The time course of sigma activity and slow-wave activity during NREMS in cortical and thalamic EEG of the cat during baseline and after 12 hours of wakefulness. Brain Res. 1992;596:285–295
- . Functional topography of the human nonREM sleep electroencephalogram. Eur J Neurosci. 2001;13:2282–2290
- . Individual “fingerprints” in human sleep EEG topography. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25:S57–S62
- . Role of the spindles in the onset of sleep. Kobe J Med Sci. 1971;17:97–111
- . Evoked K-complexes and cardiovascular responses to spindle-synchronous and spindle-asynchronous stimulus clicks during NREM sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1978;45:443–453
- . K-complexes and sleep spindles before transient activation during sleep. Sleep. 1981;4:400–407
- . Dynamic relation of sleep spindles and K-complexes to spontaneous phasic arousal in sleeping human subjects. Sleep. 1982;5:58–72
- . The K-complex: Its slow (<1-Hz) rhythmicity and relation to delta waves. Neurology. 1997;49:952–959
- . Slow sleep oscillation, rhythmic K-complexes, and their paroxysmal developments. J Sleep Res. 1998;7:30–35
- . The spontaneous K-complex during stage 2 sleep: is it the “forerunner” of delta waves?. Neurosci Lett. 2000;291:41–43
- . Auditory event-related potentials (AEPs) to deviant stimuli during drowsiness and sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;96:398–412
- . Event-related potentials to tones in the absence and presence of sleep spindles. J Sleep Res. 1997;6:78–83
- . The role of the spindle in human information processing of high-intensity stimuli during sleep. J Sleep Res. 2000;9:19–26
- . Regional cerebral blood flow changes as a function of delta and spindle activity during slow wave sleep in humans. J Neurosci. 1997;17:4800–4808
- . Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography. J Sleep Res. 2000;9:207–231
- . The effect of extrauterine experience on the ontogenesis of EEG sleep spindles. Psychosom Med. 1969;31:393–399
- . EEG sleep spindle ontogenesis. Neuropadiatrie. 1970;1:428–433
- . Normal children sleep E.E.Gs from 5 months to 3 years old. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin. 1977;7:335–345
- . Development of sleep spindle bursts during the first year of life. Sleep. 1982;5:39–46
- . Waking and sleeping E.E.G. in normal babies before 6 months of age. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin. 1977;7:316–326
- . Development of EEG and daytime sleep patterns in normal full-term infant during the first 3 months of life: longitudinal observations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980;49:112–124
-
.
Atlas of electroencephalography, Vol. IV: Normal and abnormal infants from birth to 11 months of age. Masssachusetts: Addison-Wesley, Reading; 1978;
- . Nocturnal sleep organization during the first months of life. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1982;54:71–78
- . Evolution of sleep spindles in childhood. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1975;38:175–181
- . Ontogenesis of nocturnal organization of sleep spindles: a longitudinal study during the first 6 months of life. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992;83:289–296
-
.
Development of sleep spindles in the first year of life.
Clin-Electroencephalogr. 1996;27:107–115
- . Developmental characteristics of frontal spindle and centro-parietal spindle. No To Hattatsu. 1996;28:409–417
- . Development of sleep spindles in young children and adolescents. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1999;30:39–43
- . Nocturnal sleep in severely mentally retarded children: abnormal EEG patterns in sleep cycle. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980;49:337–344
- . Spindle evolution in normal and mentally retarded children: a review. Sleep. 1982;5:47–57
- . Correlation between integrated delta and spindle components during nocturnal sleep in mentally retarded children. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1986;17:24–29
-
.
Le sommeil du nouveau-né et du prémature, III. Les troubles de l'organization du sommeil chez le nouveau-né pathologique: analyse des études polygraphiques.
Biol Neonatorum. 1977;11:216–247
-
.
Sleep spindles in hormonal and metabolic diseases of infancy and childhood.
In:
Petre-Quadens O, Schlag JD editor.
Basic Sleep Mechanisms. New York: Academic Press; 1974;p. 380–403
-
.
EEG finding in patients with phenylketonuria before and during treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet in patients with some other inborn errors of amino-acid metabolism.
In:
Holt KS, Coffey O editor.
Some Recent Advances in Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1968;p. 61–79
-
.
Development of sleep patterns in autistic children.
In:
Clement C, Purpura DP, Mayer FE editor.
Sleep and the Maturing Nervous System. New York: Academic Press; 1972;p. 321–363
- . EEG patterns as a function of normal and pathologic aging in man. J Psychiatr Res. 1967;5:107–144
-
.
Der einfleiess des alters auf die schlafspindel und K-komplex-dichte.
Z EEG-EMG. 1989;20:59–63
-
.
Four to five seconds periodicity of sleep spindles in different age groups.
Sleep Res. 1997;26:31
-
.
Influence of age on sleep spindles characteristics.
Sleep. 1998;21:54
- . Sleep spindle characteristics in healthy subjects of different age groups. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;112:521–527
- . All night spectral analysis of EEG sleep in young adult and middle-aged male subjects. Neurobiol Aging. 1989;10:677–682
- . Age trends in the sleep EEG of healthy older men and women. J Sleep Res. 1995;4:160–172
- . Effect of age on the sleep EEG: slow-wave activity and spindle frequency activity in young and middle-aged men. Brain Res. 1996;738:205–212
- . The effects of age and gender on sleep EEG power spectral density in the “middle” years of life (20–60 years). Psychophysiology. 2001;38:232–242
- . Age-related modifications of NREM sleep EEG: from childhood to middle age. J Sleep Res. 2001;10:165–172
- . Temporal distribution and ontogenetic development of EEG activity during sleep. Psychophysiology. 1977;14:315–321
- . Relationship between sleep spindles and hypersomnia. Sleep. 1994;17:449–455
-
.
Sleep spindles in healthy people: 3). An automated, quantitative and topographical analysis in aged subjects (preliminary report).
Boll Soc It Biol Sper. 1977;53:997–1003
- . Slow-wave sleep: do young adult men and women age differently?. J Sleep Res. 1997;6:211–215
- . Dynamics of human sleep sigma spindles. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1974;37:293–297
- . Sleep spindle characteristic as a function of age. Sleep. 1982;5:73–84
- . Aging and changes in phasic events during sleep. Physiol Behav. 1993;54:803–806
-
.
Sigma's contribution to sleep quality in aging.
Sleep Res Online. 1999;2:211
- . Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:E651–E661
- . Melatonin effect on daytime sleep in men: suppression of EEG slow-frequency activity and enhancement of spindle frequency. Neurosci Lett. 1995;201:13–16
-
.
Atlas of Electroencephalography. Addison-Wesley; 1950;
- . Topographical distribution of spindles and K-complexes in normal subjects. Sleep. 1997;20:939–941
-
.
Dynamic scalp topography of individual sleep spindles.
Sleep Res. 1995;24:4
-
.
Topography and coherence analysis of the hypnagogic EEG.
In:
Horne J editors.
Sleep '90. Pontenagel: Bochum; 1990;
- . Quantitative topographic electroencephalographic mapping during drowsiness and sleep onset. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;12:372–386
- . The future of computer-assisted investigation of the polysomnogram: sleep microstructure. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;13:285–294
- . Topographical characteristics and principal component structure of hypnagogic EEG. Sleep. 1997;20:523–534
- . Changes in sleep and sleep electroencephalogram during pregnancy. Sleep. 1994;17:576–582
-
.
Two different activities in the sleep spindle frequency band-discrimination based on the topographic distribution of spectral power and coherence.
In:
Horne J editors.
Sleep '90. Pontenagel: Bochum; 1990;
- . Dynamics of slow-wave activity and spindle frequency activity in the human sleep EEG: effect of midazolam and zopiclone. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994;11:237–244
- . Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography revealed simultaneously active frontal and parietal sleep spindle sources in the human cortex. Neuroscience. 2001;103:581–592
- . Coalescence of sleep rhythms and their chronology in corticothalamic networks. Sleep Res Online. 1998;1:1–10
-
.
Regional differences of the human sleep electroencephalogram in response to selective slow-wave sleep deprivation.
Cerebral Cortex. 2002;12:737–748
- . Topographic cortical mapping of EEG sleep stages during daytime naps in normal subjects. Sleep. 1982;5:248–255
- . Antero-posterior EEG changes during the wakefulness-sleep transition. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;112:1901–1911
- . The boundary between wakefulness and sleep: Quantitative electroencephalographic changes during the sleep onset period. Neuroscience. 2001;107:1–11
- . Cortical topography of REM onset: The posterior dominance of middle and high EEG frequencies. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113:561–570
- . Power and coherence of sleep spindle frequency activity following hemispheric stroke. Brain. 2002;125:373–383
- . Walking through a maze alters the architecture of sleep. Percept Mot Skills. 1999;88:1141–1159
-
.
Implicit verbal recall correlmates positively with EEG sleep spindle activity.
Sleep. 2000;23:A219
PII: S1087-0792(02)90252-2
doi: 10.1053/smrv.2002.0252
© 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 7, Issue 5
, Pages 423-440
, October 2003
