Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 157-173 , June 2002

Systemic hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea

References 

  1. Levinson PD, Millman RP. Causes and consequences of blood pressure alterations in obstructive sleep apnoea. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:455–462
  2. * Working group on OSA, Carlson J, Davies R, Ehlenz K, Grunstein R, Hedner J. Obstructive sleep apnoea and blood pressure elevation. What is the relationship?. Blood Pressure. 1993;2:166–182
  3. Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA. A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing. Prevalence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:711–716
  4. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1230–1235
  5. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765–774
  6. * Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach NH, Eberlein KA. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in the epidemiological context. Lancet. 1990;335:827–838
  7. Pickering TG. Strategies for the evaluation and treatment of hypertension and some implications of blood pressure variability. Circulation. 1987;76:77–83
  8. Verdecchia P. Prognostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Current Evidence and Clinical Implications. Hypertension. 2000;35:844–851
  9. Lip GY, Zarifis J, Farooqi IS, Page A, Sagar G, Beevers DG. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Acute Stroke. The West Birmingham Stroke Project. Stroke. 1997;28:31–35
  10. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Comparato E. Altered circadian blood pressure profile and prognosis. Blood Press Monitoring. 1997;2:347–352
  11. Suzuki M, Guilleminault C, Otsuka K, Shiomi T. Blood pressure “dipping” and “non-dipping” in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients. Sleep. 1996;19:382–387
  12. * Davies RJO, Vardi-Visy K, Clarke M, Stradling JR. Identification of sleep disruption and sleep disordered breathing from the systolic blood pressure profile. Thorax. 1993;48:1242–1247
  13. Heude E, Bourgin P, Feigel P, Escourrou P. Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure disturbs sleep and raises systolic pressure at night in patients suspected of suffering from sleep-disordered breathing. Clin Sci Colch. 1996;91:45–50
  14. O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and non-dippers. Lancet. 1988;2:397
  15. Isaksson H, Svanborg E. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in male hypertensives, refractory to drug therapy. Nocturnal automatic blood pressure measurements—an aid to diagnosis?. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1991;13:1195–1212
  16. * Wright J, Johns R, Watt I, Melville A, Sheldon T. Health effects of obstructive sleep apnoea and the effectiveness of continuous positive airways pressure: a systematic review of the research evidence. Br Med J. 1997;314:851–860
  17. Weinsier RL, Norris DJ, Birch R, Bernstein RS, Wang J, Yang M. The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level. Hypertension. 1984;7:578–585
  18. Levinson PD, McGarvey ST, Carlisle CC, Eveloff SE, Herbert PN, Millman RP. Adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in men with obstructive sleep apnoea. Chest. 1993;103:1336–1342
  19. Bardwell WA, Ziegler MG, Ancoli-Israel S, Berry CC, Nelesen RA, Durning A. Does caffeine confound relationships among adrenergic tone, blood pressure and sleep apnoea? [In Process Citation]. J Sleep Res. 2000;9:269–272
  20. Robertson D, Frolich JC, Carr RK, Watson JT, Hollifield JW, Shand DG. Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:181–186
  21. Prybylski J, Sabbah HN, Stein PD. Why do patients with essential hypertension experience sleep apnoea syndrome?. Medical Hypothesis. 1980;20:173–177
  22. Davies RJO, Kendrick A, Wiltshire N, Catterall J, Crosby J, Stradling JR. The effect of regression dilution bias on the nocturnal hypoxaemia v blood pressure relationship. Thorax. 1996;
  23. Stradling JR, Barbour C, Glennon J, Langford BA, Crosby JH. Which aspects of breathing during sleep influence the overnight fall of blood pressure in a community population. Thorax. 2000;55:393–398
  24. Bennett LS, Langford BA, Stradling JR, Davies RJO. Sleep fragmentation indices as predictors of daytime sleepiness and nCPAP response in OSA. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:778–786
  25. van den Aardweg JG, Karemaker JM. Repetitive apnoeas induce periodic hypertension in normal subjects through hypoxia. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72:821–827
  26. Hardy JC, Gray K, Whisler S, Leuenberger U. Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to voluntary apnoea are augmented by hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77:2360–2365
  27. Morgan BJ, Denahan T, Ebert TJ. Neurocirculatory consequences of negative intrathoracic pressure vs. asphyxia during voluntary apnoea. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:2969–2975
  28. Katragadda S, Xie A, Puleo D, Skatrud JB, Morgan BJ. Neural mechanism of the pressor response to obstructive and nonobstructive apnoea. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83:2048–2054
  29. Leuenberger UA, Jacob E, Sweer L, Waravdekar N, Zwillich C, Sinoway L. Surges of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during obstructive apnoea are linked to hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:581–588
  30. Smith ML, Niedermaier ON, Hardy SM, Decker MJ, Strohl KP. Role of hypoxemia in sleep apnoea-induced sympathoexcitation. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1996;56:184–190
  31. Ringler J, Basner RC, Shannon R, Schwartzstein R, Manning H, Weinberger SE. Hypoxemia alone does not explain blood pressure elevations after obstructive apnoeas. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69:2143–2148
  32. Davies RJO, Belt PJ, Robert SJ, Ali NJ, Stradling JR. Arterial blood pressure responses to graded transient arousal from sleep in normal humans. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:1123–1130
  33. Morgan BJ, Crabtree DC, Puleo DS, Badr MS, Toiber F, Skatrud JB. Neurocirculatory consequences of abrupt change in sleep state in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80:1627–1636
  34. Ringler J, Garpestad E, Basner RC, Weiss JW. Systemic blood pressure elevation after airway occlusion during NREM sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1062–1066
  35. Morgan BJ, Crabtree DC, Palta M, Skatrud JB. Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia evokes long-lasting sympathetic activation in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:205–213
  36. Carlson JT, Hedner J, Elam M, Ejnell H, Sellgren J, Wallin BG. Augmented resting sympathetic activity in awake patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Chest. 1993;103:1763–1768
  37. Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Montano N, Dyken ME, Phillips BG, Somers VK. Contribution of tonic chemoreflex activation to sympathetic activity and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Circulation. 1998;97:943–945
  38. * Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LF, Render Teixeira CL, Phillipson EA. Obstructive sleep apnoea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:106–109
  39. Carlson JT, Hedner JA, Sellgren J, Elam M, Wallin BG. Depressed baroreflex sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1490–1496
  40. Ehlenz K, Peter JH, Kaffarnik H, von Wichert P. Disturbance in volume-regulating hormone systems: a key to the pathogenesis of hypertension in obstructive sleep apnoea?. Pneumologie. 1991;45:239–245
  41. Saarelainen S, Hasan J, Siitonen S, Seppala E. Effect of nasal CPAP treatment on plasma volume, aldosterone and 24-h blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res. 1996;5:181–185
  42. Fletcher EC, Lesske J, Qian W, Miller CC, Unger T. Repetitive, episodic hypoxia causes diurnal elevation of blood pressure in rats [see comments]. Hypertension. 1992;19:555–561
  43. Fletcher EC, Lesske J, Behm R, Miller CC, Stauss H, Unger T. Carotid chemoreceptors, systemic blood pressure, and chronic episodic hypoxia mimicking sleep apnoea. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72:1978–1984
  44. Kimoff RJ, Makino H, Horner RL, Kozar LF, Lue F, Slutsky AS. Canine model of obstructive sleep apnoea: model description and preliminary application. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76:1810–1817
  45. Kirby DA, Pinto JM, Weiss JW, Garpestad E, Zinkovska S. Effects of beta adrenergic receptor blockade on hemodynamic changes associated with obstructive sleep apnoea. Physiol Behav. 1995;58:919–923
  46. O'Donnell CP, King ED, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Robotham JL. Effect of sleep deprivation on responses to airway obstruction in the sleeping dog. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77:1811–1818
  47. O'Donnell CP, King ED, Schwartz AR, Robotham JL, Smith PL. Relationship between blood pressure and airway obstruction during sleep in the dog. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77:1819–1828
  48. Scharf SM, Graver LM, Balaban K. Cardiovascular effects of periodic occlusions of the upper airways in dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:321–329
  49. O'Donnell CP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Robotham JL, Fitzgerald RS, Shirahata M. Reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in response to apnoea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1763–1770
  50. Fletcher EC, Lesske J, Culman J, Miller CC, Unger T. Sympathetic denervation blocks blood pressure elevation in episodic hypoxia. Hypertension. 1992;20:612–619
  51. Bao G, Randhawa PM, Fletcher EC. Acute blood pressure elevation during repetitive hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia in rats. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82:1071–1078
  52. Fletcher EC, Bao G, Miller CC3 . Effect of recurrent episodic hypocapnic, eucapnic, and hypercapnic hypoxia on systemic blood pressure. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78:1516–1521
  53. O'Donnell CP, Ayuse T, King ED, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Robotham JL. Airway obstruction during sleep increases blood pressure without arousal. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80:773–781
  54. Brooks D, Horner RL, Kimoff RJ, Kozar LF, Render Teixeira CL, Phillipson EA. Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea versus sleep fragmentation on responses to airway occlusion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1609–1617
  55. Parker JD, Brooks D, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Horner RL, Douglas BT. Acute and chronic effects of airway obstruction on canine left ventricular performance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1888–1896
  56. Bao G, Fletcher EC. Chronic blood pressure changes from recurrent hypoxia in a hypertension prone (F1) rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:A754
  57. * Nieto FJ. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnoea and hypertension in a large community-based study. JAMA. 2000;283:1829–1836
  58. * Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1378–1384
  59. Stradling JR, Crosby JH. Relation between systemic hypertension and sleep hypoxaemia or snoring: analysis in 748 men drawn from general practice. Br Med J. 1990;300:75–78
  60. Hu FB, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Speizer FE, Rosner B. Prospective study of snoring and risk of hypertension in women. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:806–816
  61. * Lavie P, Herer P, Hoffstein V. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: population study. BMJ. 2000;320:479–482
  62. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Ten Have T, Leiby BE, Vela-Bueno A. Association of hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2289–2295
  63. * Davies CWH, Crosby JH, Mullins RL, Barbour C, Davies RJO, Stradling JR. Case-control study of 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and normal matched control subjects. Thorax. 2000;55:736–740
  64. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Benemio G, Boldrini F. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1990;81:528–536
  65. Hedner J, Darpo B, Ejnell H, Carlson J, Caidahl K. Reduction in sympathetic activity after long-term CPAP treatment in sleep apnoea: cardiovascular implications. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:222–229
  66. Akashiba T, Kurashina K, Minemura H, Yamamoto H, Horie T. Daytime hypertension and the effects of short-term nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Intern Med. 1995;34:528–532
  67. Wilcox I, Grunstein RR, Hedner JA, Doyle J, Collins FL, Fletcher PJ. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure during sleep on 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep. 1993;16:539–544
  68. Engleman HM, Gough K, Martin SE, Kingshott RN, Padfield PL, Douglas NJ. Ambulatory blood pressure on and off continuous positive airway pressure therapy for the sleep apnoea/hypopnea syndrome: effects in “non-dippers”. Sleep. 1996;19:378–381
  69. * Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Blood Pressure in the Sleep Apnoea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:344–348
  70. Becker HF, Jerrentrup A, Ploch T, Grote L, Penzel T, Peter JH. Prospective randomised study on the effects of therapeutic and sub-therapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) treatment on blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:
  71. Hla KM, Younge TB, Finn L, Palta M, Skatrud JB. Effect of correction of sleep-disordered breathing on diurnal blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:A213
  72. Pepperell JCT, Mullins B, Dow SR, Davies RJO, Stradling JR. Blood pressure change after treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (osa) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:A213

PII: S1087-0792(01)90189-3

doi: 10.1053/smrv.2001.0189

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 157-173 , June 2002

Article Tools