Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 6 , Pages 447-461 , December 2001

Cognitive and behavioural performance in children with sleep-related obstructive breathing disorders

  • S. Blunden

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, University of South Australia
  • ,
  • K. Lushington

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, University of South Australia
  • ,
  • D. Kennedy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, South Australia
    • Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia

References 

  1. Osler W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York: Appleton and Co; 1892; p. 335–339
  2. Guilleminault C, Elridge F, Blair Simmons F, Dement W. Sleep apnea in eight children. Pediatrics. 1976;58:23–30
  3. Hultcrantz E, Lofstrand-Tidestrom B, Ahlquist-Rastad J. The epidemiology of sleep related breathing disorder in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhi. 1995;32:S63–S66
  4. Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B. Snoring, apneic episodes, and nocturnal hypoxemia among children 6 months to 6 years old. Chest. 1995;107:963–966
  5. Carroll JL, Loughlin GM. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in infants and children: clinical features and pathophysiology. In:  Ferber R,  Kryger MH editor. Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine in the Child. Philadelphia: WB Saunders & Company; 1996;p. 163–191
  6. Carroll JL. Sleep related upper airway obstruction in children and adolescents. Child Adol Psych Cl. 1996;5:617–647
  7. Corbo GM, Fuciarelli F, Foresi A, De Benedetto F. Snoring in children: association with respiratory symptoms and passive smoking. Brit Med J. 1989;299:1231–1234
  8. Teculescu DB, Caillier I, Perrin P, Rebstock E, Rauch A. Snoring in French preschool children. Pediatr Pulm. 1992;13:239–244
  9. Ali NJ, Pitson DJ, Stradling JR. Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4–5 year olds. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:360–366
  10. Ali NJ, Pitson D, Stradling JR. Natural history of Snoring and Related Behaviour Problems between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71:74–76
  11. Owen GO, Canter RJ, Robinson A. Snoring, apnoea and ENT symptoms in the paediatric community. Clin Otolaryngol. 1996;21:130–134
  12. Alves R, Prado G, Prado l, Bauab J, Passos A, Silva A. prevalence of sleep problems among 7 to 10 year old normal children. Sleep. 1998;21:S137
  13. Hedger KM, Pituch KJ, Chervin RD. Estimated frequency of sleep related breathing disorders in general pediatric practices. Sleep. 2000;23:S99
  14. Lu L, Peat J, Sullivan C. The prevalence of snoring in preschool children and its association with night cough and asthma. World Congress on Sleep Apnea Sydney, Australia. 2000; p. 30
  15. Castronovo V, Zucconi N, Nosetti l, Marazzini C, Nespoli l, Ferini-Strambi L. Subjective and objective snoring: a population study in Italian children aged 3–6 years. World Congress on Sleep Apnea Sydney, Australia. 2000; p. 18
  16. Quan SF, Enright PL, Kaemingk KL, Rosen GM, Morgan WJ, Fregosi RF. Prevalence of symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children – Preliminary report of the Tucson Children Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study (TuCASA). Sleep. 2000;23:A195
  17. Richards W, Ferdman RM. Prolonged morbidity due to delays in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Clin Pediatr. 2000;39:103–108
  18. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Montagna P, Sforza E. Snoring: pathogenic, clinical and therapeutic aspects. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1994;p. 446–447
  19. Rosen CL. Clinical features of obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome in otherwise healthy children. Pediatr Pulm. 1999;27:403–409
  20. Castriotta RJ, Ahmed Arsalan , Gokcebay N. Asynchronous breathing in children during sleep. Sleep. 1999;22:S183
  21. Guilleminault C, Pelayo R, Leger D, Clerk A, Bocian RCZ. Recognition of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children. Pediatrics. 1996;98:871–882
  22. Smith RP, Argod J, Pepin J-L, Levy PA. Pulse transit time: an appraisal of potential clinical applications. Thorax. 1999;54:452–458
  23. Berry DTR, Webb WB, Block AJ, Bauer RM, Switzer DA. Nocturnal hypoxia and neuropsychological variables. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1986;8:229–238
  24. Kim HC, Young T, Matthews CG, Weber SM, Woodard AR, Palta M. Sleep disordered breathing and neuropsychological deficits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:1813–1819
  25. Telakivi T, Kajaste S, Partinen M, Brander P, Nyholm A. Cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 1993;16:S74–S75
  26. Engleman H, Joffe D. Neuropsychological function in obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev. 1999;3:59–78
  27. Guilleminault C, Korobkin R, Winkle R. A review of 50 children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Lung. 1981;159:275–287
  28. Stradling JR, Thomas G, Warley ARH, Williams P, Freeland A. Effect of adenotonsillectomy on nocturnal hypoxaemia, sleep disturbance and symptoms in snoring children. Lancet. 1990;335:249–253
  29. Weissbluth M, Davis AT, Poncher J, Reiff J. Signs of airway obstruction during sleep and behavioral, developmental and academic problems. Dev Behav Pediatr. 1983;4:119–121
  30. Brouillette R, Hanson D, David R, Klemka L, Szatkowski A, Fernbach S, et al. A diagnostic approach to suspected obstructive sleep apnea in children. J Pediatr. 1984;105:10–14
  31. Brouillette RT, Fernbach SK, Hunt CE. Obstructive sleep apnea in infants and children. J Pediatr. 1982;100:31–40
  32. Blunden SL, Lushington K, Kennedy D, Martin J, Dawson D. Behaviour and Neurocognitive Function in Children aged 5–10 years who snore compared to Controls. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000;22:554–568
  33. Owens-Stively J, McGuinn M, Berkelhammer L, Marcotte A, Nobile C, Spirito A. Neuropsychological and behavioral correlates of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Sleep Res. 1997;26:452
  34. Guilleminault C, Winkle R, Korobkin R, Simmons B. Children and nocturnal snoring: Evaluation of the effects of sleep related respiratory resistive load and daytime functioning. Eur J Pediatr. 1982;139:165–171
  35. Ali NJ, Pitson D, Stradling JR. Sleep disordered breathing: effects of adenotonsillectomy on behaviour and psychological functioning. Eur J Pediatr. 1996;155:56–62
  36. Rhodes SK, Shimoda KC, Waid LR, O'Neil PM, Oexmann MJ, Collop NA, et al. Neurocognitive deficits in morbidly obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr. 1995;127:741–744
  37. Lewin DS, England SJ, Rosen RC. Cognitive and behavioural sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Sleep. 1999;22:S126
  38. Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics. 1998;102:616–620
  39. Gozal D, Pope DW. Snoring during early childhood and academic performance at age thirteen to fourteen years. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1394–1399
  40. Chervin RD, Dillon JE, Bassetti C, Ganoczy DA, Pituch KJ. Symptoms of Sleep Disorders, Inattention, and Hyperactivity in Children. Sleep. 1997;20:1185–1192
  41. Schwaderer A, Millard S, Schuen J. An association between attention deficit disorder and obstructive sleep apnea in children. Sleep. 2000;23:S97
  42. Maczaj M, Goel V, Slintak C, Chopra A. OSAS in children is associated with a higher incidence of ADHD and hyperactivity. Sleep. 2000;23:S203
  43. Picchietti DJ, England SJ, Walters AS, Willis K, Verrico T. Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol. 1998;13:588–594
  44. Picchietti D, Walters A, Underwood D, Farris W, Dahl R, Trubnick L, et al. Periodic limb movement disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children. Sleep Res. 1997;26:469–479
  45. Picchietti DL, Walters AS. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in children and adolescents: comorbidity with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adol Psych Cl. 1996;5:729–740
  46. Kingshott RN, Engelman HM, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Does arousal frequency predict daytime function?. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1264–1270
  47. Spruyt K, Cluydts R. Complaints of Nocturnal Respiratory Dysfunction and Daytime Sleepiness in School Aged Children. World Congress on Sleep Apnea Sydney, Australia. 2000; p. 56
  48. Rosen CL. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS): diagnostic challenges. Sleep. 1996;19:Suppl–277
  49. Bruni O, Ottaviano S, Guidetti V, Manuela R, Innocenzi M, Cortesi F, et al. The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC): Construction and Validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbance in childhood and adolescence. J Sleep Res. 1996;5:251–261
  50. Brouillette RT, Morielli A, Leimanis A, Waters K, Luciano R, Ducharme FM. Nocturnal pulse oximetry as an abbreviated testing modality for paediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics. 2000;105:405–412
  51. Epstein LJ, Dorlac GR. Cost-effectiveness analysis of nocturnal oximetry as a method of screening for sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Chest. 1998;113:97–103
  52. Carroll JL, McColley SA, Marcus CL, Curtis S, Loughlin GM. Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea in children. Chest. 1995;108:610–618
  53. Suen JS, Arnold JE, Brooks LJ. Adenotonsillectomy for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Arch Otolaryngol. 1995;121:525–530
  54. Carroll JL, Loughlin GM. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Infants and Children: Diagnosis and Management. In:  Ferber R,  Kryger MH editor. Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine in the Child. Philadelphia: WB Saunders & Company; 1996;p. 193–216
  55. Waters KA, Everett FM, Bruderer JW, Sullivan C. Obstructive sleep apnea: the use of nasal CPAP in 80 children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:780–785
  56. Goldstein NA, Post JC, Rosenfeld RM, Campbell TF. Impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on child behaviour. Arch Otolaryngol. 2000;126:494–499
  57. Harvey JM, O'Callaghan MJ, Wales PD, Harris MA, Masters IB. Six-month follow up of children with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Paediatr Child H. 1999;35:136–139
  58. Marcus CL. Pathophysiology of childhood obstructive sleep apnea: current concepts. Resp Physiol. 2000;119:143–154
  59. Lind MG, Lundell BPW. Tonsillar hyperplasia in children. Arch Otolaryngol. 1982;108:650–654
  60. In:  Behrman RE,  Kleigman RM,  Nelson WE editor. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders & Company; 1992;p. 1222–1227
  61. Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI. Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sleep. 1996;19:318–326
  62. Akerstedt T. Shiftwork and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2:117–128
  63. Bandla HP, Gozal D. Dynamic chnages to EEG spectra during obstructive apnea in children. Pediatr Pulm. 2000;29:359–365
  64. Sinton CM, McCarley RW. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of sleep: basic science and clinical relevance. Semin Clin Neuropsych. 2000;5:6–19
  65. Feinberg I, Thode HC, Chugani HT, March JD. Gamma function describes maturational curves for delta wave amplitude, cortical metabolic rate and synaptic density. J Theor Biol. 1990;142:149–161
  66. Zoltan B. Vision Perception and Cognition. New Jersey: Slack Inc; 1996; p. 121–147

PII: S1087-0792(01)90165-0

doi: 10.1053/smrv.2001.0165

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 6 , Pages 447-461 , December 2001