Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Pages 125-138 , May 2002

Sleep and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical system

References 

  1. Holsboer F. The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res. 1999;33:181–214
  2. Weitzman ED. Circadian rhythms and episodic hormone secretion in man. Annu Rev Med. 1976;27:225–243
  3. Born J, Fehm HL. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activity during human sleep: a coordinating role for the limbic hippocampal system. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106:153–163
  4. Fehm HL, Klein E, Holl R. Evidence for extrapituitary mechanisms mediating the morning peak of cortisol secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984;58:410–414
  5. Krishnan KRR, Ritchie JC, Saunders W. Nocturnal and early morning secretion of ACTH and cortisol in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28:47–57
  6. Fehm HL, Späth-Schwalbe E, Pietrowsky R. Entrainment of nocturnal pituitary-adrenocortical activity to sleep processes in man-a hypothesis. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1993;101:267–276
  7. Yassouridis A, Steiger A, Klinger A. Modelling and exploring human sleep with event history analysis. J Sleep Res. 1999;8:25–36
  8. Gronfier C, Simon C, Piquard F. Neuroendocrine processes underlying ultradian sleep regulation in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:2686–2690
  9. Späth-Schwalbe E, Scholler T, Kern W. Nocturnal adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion depends on sleep duration and decreases in association with spontaneous awakening in the morning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1431–1435
  10. Linkowski P, Van Onderbergen A, Kerkhofs M. Twin study of the 24-h cortisol profile: evidence for genetic control of the human circadian clock. Am J Physiol. 1993;264:E173–E181
  11. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM. On the gender differences in sleep-endocrine regulation in young normal humans. Neuroendocrinology. 1999;70:280–287
  12. Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2468–2473
  13. Gillin JC, Jacobs LS, Snyder F. Effects of ACTH on the sleep of normal subjects and patients with Addison's disease. Neuroendocrinology. 1974;15:21–31
  14. Krieger DT, Glick SM. Sleep EEG stages and plasma growth hormone concentration in states of endogenous and exogenous hypercortisolemia or ACTH elevation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974;39:986–1000
  15. Garcia-Borreguero D, Wehr TA, Larrosa O. Glucocorticoid replacement is permissive for rapid eye movement sleep and sleep consolidation in patients with adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4201–4206
  16. Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R. Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease. Sleep. 1992;15:514–518
  17. Ehlers CL, Kupfer DJ. Hypothalamic peptide modulation of EEG sleep in depression: a further application of the S-process hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. 1987;22:513–517
  18. Steiger A, von Bardeleben U, Herth T. Sleep EEG and nocturnal secretion of cortisol and growth hormone in male patients with endogenous de- pression before treatment and after recovery. J Affect Disord. 1989;16:189–195
  19. Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J, Kerkhofs M. 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: effect of antidepressant treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:141–152
  20. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM. Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep-endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls – part II: hormone secretion. Sleep Res Online. 2000;3:15–21
  21. Wong ML, Kling MA, Munson PJ. Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features: relation to hypercortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:325–330
  22. Jarrett DB, Miewald JM, Kupfer DJ. Recurrent depression is associated with a persistent reduction in sleep-related growth hormone secretion. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:113–118
  23. Puig-Antich J, Dahl R, Ryan N. Cortisol secretion in prepubertal children with major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:801–809
  24. Kupfer DJ, Ehlers CL, Frank E. Electroencephalographic sleep studies in depressed patients during long-term recovery. Psychiatry Res. 1993;49:121–138
  25. Rodenbeck A, Huether G, Rüther E. Enhanced evening plasma cortisol secretion may induce the vicious cycle of chronification in primary insomnia. Sleep Res Online. 1999;2 (Suppl. 1): 184:
  26. Frieboes RM, Müller U, Murck H. Nocturnal hormone secretion and the sleep EEG in patients several months after traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 1999;11:354–360
  27. Linkowski P, Kerkhofs M, Van Onderbergen A. The 24-hour profiles of cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone secretion in mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:616–624
  28. Van Cauter E, Linkowski P, Kerkhofs M. Circadian and sleep-related endocrine rhythms in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:348–356
  29. Weitzman ED, Czeisler CA, Zimmerman JC. Biological rhythms in man: relationship of sleep-wake, cortisol, growth hormone and temperature during temporal isolation. In: Martin JB, Reichlin S, Bick K (eds.) Neurosecretion and Brain Peptides. New York: Raven Press. 1981;475
  30. Weitzman ED, Zimmerman JC, Czeisler CA. Cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56:352–358
  31. Murck H, Antonijevic IA, Schier T. Aging does not affect the sleep endocrine response to total sleep deprivation in humans. Neurobiol Aging. 1999;20:665–668
  32. Leproult R, Copinschi G, Buxton O. Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep. 1997;20:865–870
  33. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 1999;354:1435–1439
  34. Follenius M, Brandenberger G, Bandesapt JJ. Nocturnal cortisol release in relation to sleep structure. Sleep. 1992;15:21–27
  35. Fadda P, Fratta W. Stress-induced sleep deprivation modifies corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) levels and CRF binding in rat brain and pituitary. Pharmacolog Res. 1997;35:443–446
  36. Penalva RG, Lancel M, Flachskamm C. Effects of sleep deprivation on hippocampal serotonin: a combined in vivo microdialysis/EEG study in rats. J Sleep Res. 2000;9 (Suppl. 1): 149:
  37. Born J, Hansen K, Marshall L. Timing the end of nocturnal sleep. Nature. 1999;397: 29–30:
  38. Gronfier C, Chapotot F, Weibel L. Pulsatile cortisol secretion and EEG delta waves are controlled by two independent but synchronized generators. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:E94–E100
  39. Goichot B, Weibel L, Chapotot F. Effect of the shift of the sleep-wake cycle on three robust endocrine markers of the circadian clock. Am J Physiol. 1998;275: E243–E248:
  40. Desir D, Van Cauter E, Fang VS. Effects of “jet lag” on hormonal patterns. I. Procedures, variations in total plasma proteins, and disruption of adrenocorticotropin-cortisol periodicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:628–641
  41. Wehr TA. Effect of seasonal changes in daylength on human neuroendocrine function. Horm Res. 1998;49:118–124
  42. Leproult R, Coleccia EF, L»Hermite-Balériaux M. Transition from dim to bright light in the induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:151–157
  43. Weibel L, Brandenberger G. Disturbances in hormonal profiles of night workers during their usual sleep and work times. J Biol Rhythms. 1998;13:202–208
  44. Ehlers, CL, Reed, TK, Henriksen, SJ, Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and growth hormone-releasing factor on sleep and activity in rats, Neuroendocrinology, 1986, 42, 467, 474
  45. Opp M, Obál Jr F, Krueger JM. Corticotropin-releasing factor attenuates interleukin 1-induced sleep and fever in rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:R528–R535
  46. Marrosu F, Gessa GL, Giagheddu M. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) increases paradoxical sleep (PS) rebound in PS-deprived rats. Brain Res. 1990;515:315–318
  47. Holsboer F, von Bardeleben U, Steiger A. Effects of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone upon sleep-related growth hormone surge and sleep EEG in man. Neuroendocrinology. 1988;48:32–38
  48. Kellner M, Yassouridis A, Manz B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits melatonin secretion in healthy volunteers—a potential link to low-melatonin syndrome in depression?. Neuroendocrinology. 1997;16:339–345
  49. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM. Hyporesponsiveness of the pituitary to CRH during slow wave sleep is not mimicked by systemic GHRH. Neuroendocrinology. 1999;69:88–96
  50. Chang FC, Opp MR. Blockade of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors reduces spontaneous waking in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:R793–R802
  51. Gonzalez MMC, Valatx JL. Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of alpha-helical CRH (9-41) on the sleep/waking cycle in rats under normal conditions or after subjection to an acute stressful stimulus. J Sleep Res. 1997;6:164–170
  52. Gonzalez MMC, Valatx JL. Involvement of stress in the sleep rebound mechanism induced by sleep deprivation in the rat: use of alpha-helical CRH (9-41). Behav Pharmacol. 1998;9:655–662
  53. Born J, Späth-Schwalbe E, Schwakenhofer H. Influences of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol on sleep in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:904–911
  54. Steiger A, Holsboer F. Neuropeptides and human sleep. Sleep. 1997;20:1038–1052
  55. Friess E, Wiedemann K, Steiger A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system and sleep in man. Adv Neuroimmunol. 1995;5:111–125
  56. Born J, De Kloet ER, Wenz H. Gluco- and antimineralocorticoid effects on human sleep: a role of central corticosteroid receptors. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:E183–E188
  57. Friess E, von Bardeleben U, Wiedemann K. Effects of pulsatile cortisol infusion on sleep-EEG and nocturnal growth hormone release in healthy men. J Sleep Res. 1994;3:73–79
  58. Bohlhalter S, Murck H, Holsboer F. Cortisol enhances non-REM sleep and growth hormone secretion in elderly subjects. Neurobiol Aging. 1997;18:423–429
  59. Schmid DA, Brunner H, Holsboer F. Cortisol promotes nonREM sleep in patients with major depression. Int J Neuropsychop. 2000;3:
  60. Steiger A, Antonijevic IA, Bohlhalter S. Effects of hormones on sleep. Horm Res. 1998;49:125–130
  61. Steiger A, Antonijevic IA. Sleep-EEG changes after methylprednisolone therapy in multiple sclerosis are similar to those in depression. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109 (suppl. 1); S64.:
  62. Wiedemann K, Lauer C, Pollmächer T. Sleep-endocrine effects of antigluco- and antimineralocorticoids in healthy males. Am J Physiol. 1994;267:E109–E114
  63. Wiedemann K, Lauer CJ, Hirschmann M. Sleep-endocrine effects of mifepristone and megestrol acetate in healthy men. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:E139–E145
  64. Arnauld E, Bibene V, Meynard J. Effects of chronic icv infusion of vasopressin on sleep-waking cycle of rats. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:R674–R684
  65. Perras B, Pannenborg H, Marshall L. Beneficial treatment of age-related sleep disturbances with prolonged intranasal vasopressin. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:28–36
  66. Bradbury MJ, Dement WC, Edgar DM. Effects of adrenalectomy and subsequent corticosterone replacement on rat sleep state and EEG power spectra. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:R555–R565
  67. Langebartels A, Lancel M. Influence of constant corticosterone levels on spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-induced sleep in the rat. J Sleep Res. 2000;9 (Suppl. 1):109
  68. Opp MR. Rat strain differences suggest a role for corticotropin-releasing hormone in modulating sleep. Physiol Behav. 1997;63:67–74
  69. Krueger JM, Obál Jr F. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and interleukin-1 in sleep regulation. FASEB J. 1993;7:645–652
  70. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM. Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep–endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls - part I: the sleep EEG. Sleep Res Online. 2000;3:5–13
  71. Steiger A, Frieboes RM, Held K. Effects of hexarelin on sleep-endocrine activity in man. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999;359 (Suppl. 3): R129:
  72. Ehlers CL, Somes C, Seifritz E. CRF/NPY interactions: a potential role in sleep dysregulation in depression and anxiety. Depression Anxiet. 1997;6:1–9
  73. Held K, Murck H, Antonijevic IA. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) does not differentially affect sleep-endocrine regulation in depressed patients and controls. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999;32: 184:
  74. Pollmächer T, Schuld A, Kraus T. Experimental immunomodulation, sleep and sleepiness in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:488–499
  75. Hemmeter U, Annen B, Bischof R. Adjuvant Ginkgo biloba therapy increases slow wave sleep in patients with major depression medicated with trimipramine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;43:50–59

PII: S1087-0792(01)90159-5

doi: 10.1053/smrv.2001.0159

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Pages 125-138 , May 2002

Article Tools