Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 3 , Pages 237-246 , June 2001

Sleep EEG, depression and gender

References 

  1. Kessler RC. Gender differences in major depression. Epidemiological findings. In: Frank E (ed) Gender and its Effects on Psychopathology Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2000;61–84
  2. Thase ME, Frank E, Kornstein SG. Gender differences in response to treatments of depression. In: Frank E (ed) Gender and its Effects on Psychopathology Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2000;103–129
  3. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Epidemiology and theories of gender differences in unipolar depression. In: Seeman MV (ed) Gender and Psychopathology Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 1995;63–87
  4. Shaw J, Kennedy SH, Joffe RT. Gender differences in mood disorders: a clinical focus. In: Seeman MV (ed) Gender and Psychopathology Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 1995;89–111
  5. Janowsky DS, Halbreich U, Rausch J. Association among ovarian hormones, other hormones, emotional disorders, and neurotransmitters. In: Jensvold MF, Halbreich U, Hamilton JA (eds) PsychoÍpharmacology and Women. Sex, Gender and Hormones Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 1996;85–106
  6. Yonkers KA, Kando JC, Cole JO. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacoÍdynamics of psychotropic medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:587–595
  7. Armitage R, Hoffmann R. Sleep electrophysiology of major depressive disorders. Curr Rev Mood Anxiety Disord. 1997;1:139–151
  8. Rhodes ME, Rubin RT. Functional sex differences (“sexual diergism”) of central nervous system cholinergic systems, vasopressin, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in mammals: a selective review. Brain Res Rev. 1999;30:135–152
  9. Armitage R. The effects of antidepressants on sleep in depression. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45:31–37
  10. Reynolds CF III, Kupfer DJ. Sleep research in affective illness: state of the art circa 1987. Sleep. 1987;10:199–215
  11. Fawcett J, Scheftner WA, Fogg L. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1189–1194
  12. Wingard DL, Berkman LF. Mortality risk associated with sleeping patterns among adults. Sleep. 1983;6:102–107
  13. Riemann D, Berger M. EEG sleep in depression and in remission and the REM sleep response to the cholinergic agonist RS 86. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989;2:145–152
  14. Nofzinger EA, Keshavan M, Buysee DJ. The neurobiology of sleep in relation to mental illness. In: Charney DS, Nestler EJ, Bunney BS (eds) Neurobiology of Mental Illness New York: Oxford University Press. 1999;915–929
  15. Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring Systems For Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, National Institute of Health Publication No. 204. 1968;
  16. Armitage R. Microarchitectural findings in sleep EEG in depression: diagnostic implications. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37:72–84
  17. Dumermuth G, Lange B, Lehmann D. Spectral analysis of all-night sleep EEG in healthy adults. Eur Neurol. 1983;22:322–339
  18. Hoffmann RF, Moffitt AR, Shearer JC. Conceptual and methodological considerations towards the development of computer-controlled research on the electro-physiology of sleep. Waking and Sleeping. 1979;3:1–16
  19. Hoffmann R, Moffitt A, Wells R. Quantitative description of sleep stage electrophysiology using digital period analytic techniques. Sleep. 1984;7:356–364
  20. Williams R, Karacan I, Hursch C. ElectroÍencephalography of Human Sleep: Clinical ApplicaÍtions. New York: Wiley. 1974;
  21. Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal human sleep: an overview. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 1989;3–13
  22. Knowles JB, MacLean AW. Age-related changes in sleep in depressed and healthy subjects. A meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990;3:251–259
  23. Berger M, Riemann D. REM sleep in depression— an overview. J Sleep Res. 1993;2:211–223
  24. McCarley RW. REM sleep and depression: common neurobiological control mechanisms. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:565–570
  25. Borbély AA, Wirz-Justice A. Sleep, sleep deprivation and depression. A hypothesis derived from a model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiol. 1982;1:205–210
  26. Borbély A. A two-process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiol. 1982;1:195–204
  27. Feinberg I, March JD, Fein G. Period and amplitude analysis of 0.5–3 c/sec activity in NREM sleep in young adults. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1978;72:118–125
  28. Feinberg I, Floyd TC. Systematic trends across the night in human sleep cycles. Psychophysiology. 1979;16:283–291
  29. Feinberg I, Fein G, Floyd TC. Period and amplitude analysis of NREM EEG in sleep: repeatability of results in young adults. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980;48:212–221
  30. Achermann P, Borbély AA. Dynamics of EEG slow wave activity during physiological sleep and after administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics. Human Neurobiol. 1987;6:203–210
  31. Achermann P, Dijk D-J, Brunner DP. A model of human sleep homeostasis based on EEG slow-wave activity: quantitative comparison of data and simulations. Brain Res Bull. 1993;3:97–113
  32. Borbély AA, Baumann F, Brandeis D. Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1981;51:483–493
  33. Dijk DJ, Beersma DGM, Daan S. Quantitative analysis of the effects of slow wave sleep deprivation during the first 3 hours of sleep on subsequent EEG power density. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1987;236:323–328
  34. Dijk DJ, Beersma DGM, Bloem GM. Sex differences in the sleep EEG of young adults: visual scoring and spectral analysis. Sleep. 1989;12:500–507
  35. Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA. Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:651–668
  36. Itil T. Digital computer ««sleep prints»» and psychopharmacology. Biol Psychiatry. 1969;1:91–95
  37. Itil TM. Digital computer analysis of the electroencephalogram during rapid eye movement sleep state in man. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1970;150:201–208
  38. Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Moffitt A. Interhemispheric EEG activity in sleep and wakefulness: individual differences in the basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC). In: Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds) The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates. 1992;17–45
  39. Kupfer DJ, Grochocinski VJ, McEachran AB. Relationship of awakening and delta sleep in depression. Psychiatry Res. 1986;19:297–304
  40. Borbély AA, Tobler I, Loepfe M. All-night spectral analysis of the sleep EEG in untreated depressives and normal controls. Psychiatry Res. 1984;12:27–33
  41. Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Trivedi M. Slow-wave activity in NREM sleep: sex and age effects in depressed outpatients and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 2000;95:201–213
  42. Armitage R, Hoffmann RF, Rush AJ. Biological rhythm disturbance in depression: temporal coherence of ultradian sleep EEG rhythms. Psychol Med. 1999;29:1435–1448
  43. Armitage R, Emslie GJ, Hoffmann RF. Ultradian rhythms and temporal coherence in sleep EEG in depressed children and adolescents. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:338–350
  44. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Ehlers CL. EEG sleep in young depressives: first and second night effects. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;25:87–97
  45. Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF III, Ehlers CL. Comparison of EEG sleep measures among depressive subtypes and controls in older individuals. Psychiatry Res. 1989;27:13–21
  46. Mendelson WB, Sack DA, James SP. Frequency analysis of sleep EEG in depression. Psychiatry Res. 1987;21:89–94
  47. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, McEachran AB. Delta sleep ratio: a biological correlate of early recurrence in unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:1100–1105
  48. Ehlers CL, Kupfer DJ. Slow-wave sleep: do young adult men and women age differently. J Sleep Res. 1997;6:211–215
  49. Reynolds CF III, Kupfer DJ, Thase ME. Sleep, gender, and depression: an analysis of gender effects on the electroencephalographic sleep of 302 depressed outpatients. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28:673–684
  50. Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Fitch T. Temporal characteristics of delta activity during NREM sleep in depressed outpatients and healthy adults: group and sex effects. Sleep. 2000;23:607–617
  51. Wirz-Justice A, Van den Hoofdakker RH. Sleep deprivation in depression: what do we know, where do we go?. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:445–453
  52. Thompson S, Smith C, Hoffmann R. Sex differences in delta EEG activity in response to sleep deprivation: healthy young adults. Sleep. 1998;21 (Suppl.):250
  53. Armitage, R, Sex differences, sleep and depression, Presented at “Influence of Gender and Reproductive Hormones on Sleep Across the Life Cycle” Symposium, Associated Professional Sleep Societies (APSS) 14th Annual Meeting, September 19, 2000
  54. Allen LS, Richey MF, Chai YM. Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. J Neurosci. 1991;11:933–942
  55. Gur RE, Gur RC. Gender differences in regional blood flow. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16:247–254
  56. Gur RC, Mozley LH, Mozley PD. Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state. Science. 1995;267:528–531
  57. Manber R, Armitage R. Sex steroids and sleep: a review. Sleep. 1999;22:540–555
  58. Rubin RT, Sekula LK, O»Toole S. Pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to low-dose physostigmine and arginine vasopressin administration in normal women and men. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;20:434–446
  59. Rubin RT, O»Toole SM, Rhodes ME. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to low-dose physostigmine and arginine vasopressin administration: sex differences between major depressives and matched control subjects. Psychiatry Res. 1999;89:1–20
  60. Rhodes ME, Rubin RT. Functional sex differences (“sexual diergism”) of central nervous system cholinergic systems, vasopressin, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in mammals: a selective review. Brain Res Rev. 1999;30:135–152
  61. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex difference in unipolar depression: evidence and theory. Psychol Bull. 1987;101:259–282
  62. Parry BL. Hormonal basis of mood disorders in women. In: Frank E (ed) Gender and Its Effects on Psychopathology Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2000;3–21
  63. Frank E, Young E. Pubertal changes and adolescent challenges. Why do rates of depression rise precipitously for girls between ages 10 and 15 years?. In: Frank E (ed) Gender and Its Effects on Psychopathology Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2000;85–102
  64. Kornstein SG, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME. Gender differences in treatment response to sertraline versus imipramine in chronic depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1445–1452

PII: S1087-0792(00)90144-8

doi: 10.1053/smrv.2000.0144

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 3 , Pages 237-246 , June 2001

Article Tools