Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 4, Issue 5 , Pages 453-469 , October 2000

CLINICAL REVIEW ARTICLE: Is changing the sleep environment enough? Current recommendations for SIDS

References 

  1. Beckwith, JB, Discussion of terminology and definition of the sudden infant death syndrome. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Causes of SIDS. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970, 14, 22
  2. Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Crampton P, Salmond C. Deprivation and sudden infant death syndrome. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:147–150
  3. Mitchell EA. Sleeping position of infants and the sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1993;82 (Suppl. 389):26–30
  4. Engelberts AC, De Jonge GA, Kostense PJ. An analysis of trends in the incidence of sudden infant death in The Netherlands 1969–89. J Paediatr Child Health. 1991;27:329–333
  5. Mitchell EA, Brunt JM, Everard C. Reduction in mortality from sudden infant death syndrome in New Zealand: 1986–92. Arch Dis Child. 1994;70:291–294
  6. Mitchell EA, Tonkin S. Publicity and infants» sleeping position. BMJ. 1993;306:858
  7. Mitchell EA, Tuohy PG, Brunt JM, Thompson JM, Clements MS, Stewart AW, et al. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome following the prevention campaign in New Zealand: a prospective study. Pediatrics. 1997;100:835–840
  8. Skadberg BT, Morild I, Markestad T. Abandoning prone sleeping: effect on the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr. 1998;132:340–343
  9. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, Bensley D, Smith I, Taylor E, et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993–5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. BMJ. 1996;313:191–195
  10. Oyen N, Markestad T, Skaerven R, Irgens LM, Helweg-Larsen K, Alm B, et al. Combined effects of sleeping position and prenatal risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome: the Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Pediatrics. 1997;100:613–621
  11. Schellscheidt J, Ott A, Jorch G. Epidemiological features of sudden infant death after a German intervention campaign in 1992. Eur J Pediatr. 1997;156:655–660
  12. L»Hoir MP, Engelberts AC, van Well GT, McClelland S, Westers P, Dandachli T, et al. Risk and preventive factors for cot death in The Netherlands, a low-incidence country. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:681–688
  13. Taylor JA, Krieger JW, Reay DT, Davis RL, Harruff R, Cheney LK. Prone sleep position and the sudden infant death syndrome in King County, Washington: a case-control study. J Pediatr. 1996;128:626–630
  14. Brooke H, Gibson A, Tappin D, Brown H. Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland, 1992–5. BMJ. 1997;314:1516–1520
  15. Kemp JS, Thach BT. Sudden death in infants sleeping on polystyrene-filled cushions. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1858–1864
  16. Kemp JS, Kowalski RM, Burch PM, Graham MA, Thach BT. Unintentional suffocation by rebreathing: a death scene and physiologic investigation of a possible cause of sudden infant death. J Pediatr. 1993;122:874–880
  17. Malcolm G, Cohen G, Henderson-Smart D. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the environment of sleeping infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994;30:45–49
  18. Kahn A, Groswasser J, Sottiaux M, Rebuffat E, Franco P, Dramaix M. Prone or supine body position and sleep characteristics in infants. Pediatrics. 1993;91:1112–1115
  19. Scragg RK, Mitchell EA. Side sleeping position and bed sharing in the sudden infant death syndrome. Ann Med. 1998;30:345–349
  20. Mitchell EA, Thach BT, Thompson JM, Williams S. Changing infants» sleep position increases risk of sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:1136–1141
  21. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Gibbons LE, Cochrane JA, Wang YG. Factors potentiating the risk of sudden infant death syndrome associated with the prone position. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:377–382
  22. Mitchell EA. The changing epidemiology of SIDS following the national risk reduction campaigns. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;16 (Suppl. 1):117–119
  23. Leach CE, Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Platt MW, Berry PJ, et al. Epidemiology of SIDS and explained sudden infant deaths. CESDI SUDI Research Group. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e43
  24. Alm B, Milerad J, Wennergren G, Skjaerven R, Oyen N, Norvenius G, et al. A case-control study of smoking and sudden infant death syndrome in the Scandinavian countries, 1992 to 1995. The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:329–334
  25. Beal S, Porter C. Sudden infant death syndrome related to climate. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991;80:278–287
  26. Hunt CE. Prone sleeping in healthy infants and victims of sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr. 1996;128:594–596
  27. Kattwinkel J, Brooks J, Keenan ME, Malloy M. Infant sleep position and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the United States: joint commentary from the American Academy of Pediatrics and selected agencies of the Federal Government. Pediatrics. 1994;93:820
  28. Jeffery HE, Megevand A, Page H. Why the prone position is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics. 1999;104:263–269
  29. Jeffery HE, Page M, Post EJ, Wood AK. Physiological studies of gastro-oesophageal reflux and airway protective responses in the young animal and human infant. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995;22:544–549
  30. Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Hartford RB. Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1994, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD. Pediatrics. 1994;93:814–819
  31. De Jonge GA, Burgmeijer RJ, Engelberts AC, Hoogenboezem J, Kostense PJ, Sprij AJ. Sleeping position for infants and cot death in The Netherlands 1985–91. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:660–663
  32. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Couper D. Sleeping position, infant apnea, and cyanosis: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 1997;99:E3
  33. Mitchell, EA, Milerad, J, Smoking and sudden infant death syndrome. In International Consultation on Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and Child Health. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1999, 105, 129
  34. Nicholl JP, O»Cathain A. Epidemiology of babies dying at different ages from the sudden infant death syndrome. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1989;43:133–139
  35. Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ, Ford RP, Stewart AW, Becroft DM, Thompson JM, et al. Four modifiable and other major risk factors for cot death: the New Zealand study. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992;28 (Suppl. 1):S3–S8
  36. Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Bensley D, Smith I, Bacon C, Taylor E, et al. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome: results from 1993–5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. BMJ. 1996;313:195–198
  37. Mitchell EA, Ford RP, Stewart AW, Taylor BJ, Becroft DM, Thompson JM, et al. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics. 1993;91:893–896
  38. Schellscheidt J, Jorch G, Menke J. Effects of heavy maternal smoking on intrauterine growth patterns in sudden infant death victims and surviving infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:246–251
  39. Oyen N, Haglund B, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM. Maternal smoking, birthweight and gestational age in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) babies and their surviving siblings. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1997;11 (Suppl. 1):84–95
  40. Franco P, Chabanski S, Szliwowski H, Dramaix M, Kahn A. Influence of maternal smoking on autonomic nervous system in healthy infants. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:215–220
  41. Franco P, Groswasser J, Hassid S, Lanquart JP, Scaillet S, Kahn A. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants. J Pediatr. 1999;135:34–38
  42. Law M, Tang JL. An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1933–1941
  43. O»Campo P, Davis MV, Gielen AC. Smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women: review and future directions. Semin Perinatol. 1995;19:279–285
  44. Raw M, McNeill A, West R. Smoking cessation: evidence based recommendations for the healthcare system. BMJ. 1999;318:182–185
  45. Skadberg BT, Markestad T. Consequences of getting the head covered during sleep in infancy. Pediatrics. 1997;100:E6
  46. Kemp JS, Livne M, White DK, Arfken CL. Softness and potential to cause rebreathing: differences in bedding used by infants at high and low risk for sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr. 1998;132:234–239
  47. Galland BC, Peebles CM, Bolton DP, Taylor BJ. The micro-environment of the sleeping newborn piglet covered by bedclothes: gas exchange and temperature. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994;30:144–150
  48. Beal SM, Byard RW. Accidental death or sudden infant death syndrome?. J Paediatr Child Health. 1995;31:269–271
  49. Wilson CA, Taylor BJ, Laing RM, Williams SM, Mitchell EA. Clothing and bedding and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome: further results from the New Zealand Cot Death Study. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994;30:506–512
  50. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Couper D, Cochrane J. Association between use of a quilt and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study. BMJ. 1998;316:195–196
  51. Mitchell EA, Williams SM, Taylor BJ. Use of duvets and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:117–119
  52. Fleming P, Bacon C, Blair P, Berry PJ. London: The Stationary Office. Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Infancy: The CESDI SUDI Studies 1993–996. 2000;
  53. Mosko S, Richard C, McKenna J, Drummond S. Infant sleep architecture during bedsharing and possible implications for SIDS. Sleep. 1996;19:677–684
  54. McKenna JJ, Mosko SS, Richard CA. Bedsharing promotes breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 1997;100:214–219
  55. Scragg R, Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ, Stewart AW, Ford RP, Thompson JM, et al. Bed sharing, smoking, and alcohol in the sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. BMJ. 1993;307:1312–1318
  56. Scragg RK, Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Ford RP, Taylor BJ, Hassall IB, et al. Infant room-sharing and prone sleep position in sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. Lancet. 1996;347:7–12
  57. Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Platt MW, Young J, Nadin P, et al. Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. CESDI SUDI research group. BMJ. 1999;319:1457–1461
  58. Schellscheidt J, Oyen N, Jorch G. Interactions between maternal smoking and other prenatal risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:857–863
  59. Lee NN, Chan YF, Davies DP, Lau E, Yip DC. Sudden infant death syndrome in Hong Kong: confirmation of low incidence. BMJ. 1989;298:721
  60. Forrester RM. Sudden death in infancy. Lancet. 1971;1:757
  61. Bacon C, Scott D, Jones P. Heatstroke in well-wrapped infants. Lancet. 1979;1:422–425
  62. Stanton AN. Sudden infant death. Overheating and cot death. Lancet. 1984;2:1199–1201
  63. Sunderland R, Emery JL. Febrile convulsions and cot death. Lancet. 1981;2:176–178
  64. Nelson EA, Taylor BJ, Weatherall IL. Sleeping position and infant bedding may predispose to hyperthermia and the sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet. 1989;1:199–201
  65. Fleming PJ, Gilbert R, Azaz Y, Berry PJ, Rudd PT, Stewart A, et al. Interaction between bedding and sleeping position in the sudden infant death syndrome: a population based case-control study. BMJ. 1990;301:85–89
  66. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Gibbons LE, Cochrane JA, Jones ME, McCall MJ. Thermal environment and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study. BMJ. 1992;304:277–282
  67. Williams SM, Taylor BJ, Mitchell EA. Sudden infant death syndrome: insulation from bedding and clothing and its effect modifiers. The National Cot Death Study Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:366–375
  68. Cozzi F, Albani R, Cardi E. A common pathophysiology for sudden cot death and sleep apnoea. “The vacuum-glossoptosis syndrome”. Med Hypotheses. 1979;5:329–338
  69. Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ, Ford RP, Stewart AW, Becroft DM, Thompson JM, et al. Dummies and the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:501–504
  70. Hauck, FR, Pacifiers and SIDS: results from the Chicago infant mortality study. In Proceedings of the SIDS Alliance National Conference. Atlanta, USA: SIDS Alliance, 1999
  71. Arnestad M, Andersen M, Rognum TO. Is the use of dummy or carry-cot of importance for sudden infant death?. Eur J Pediatr. 1997;156:968–970
  72. Svedmyr B. A study of its prevalence, duration and malocclusion consequences. Swed Dent J. 1979;3:205–210
  73. Franco P, Scaillet S, Wermenbol V, Valente F, Groswasser J, Kahn A. The influence of a pacifier on infants» arousals from sleep. J Pediatr. 2000;136:775–779
  74. Barros FC, Victora CG, Semer TC, Tonioli FS, Tomasi E, Weiderpass E. Use of pacifiers is associated with decreased breastfeeding duration. Pediatrics. 1995;95:497–499
  75. Righard L, Alade MO. Breastfeeding and the use of pacifiers. Birth. 1997;24:116–120
  76. North K, Fleming P, Golding J. Pacifier use and morbidity in the first six months of life. Pediatrics. 1999;103:E34
  77. Morley R, Lucas A. Nutrition and cognitive development. Br Med Bull. 1997;53:123–134
  78. Hanson LA. Human milk and host defence: immediate and long-term effects. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:42–46
  79. Hoffman HJ, Damus K, Hillman L, Krongrad E. Risk factors for SIDS. Results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SIDS Cooperative Epidemiological Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;533:13–30
  80. Ford RP, Taylor BJ, Mitchell EA, Enright SA, Stewart AW, Becroft DM, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:885–890
  81. Kraus JF, Greenland S, Bulterys M. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:113–120
  82. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Kasl SV, Cochrane JA. The Tasmanian SIDS Case-Control Study: univariable and multivariable risk factor analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1995;9:256–272
  83. Gilbert RE, Wigfield RE, Fleming PJ, Berry PJ, Rudd PT. Bottle feeding and the sudden infant death syndrome. BMJ. 1995;310:88–90
  84. Byard RW, Bourne AJ, Burnell RH, Roberton DM. No association between DTP vaccination and SIDS. Med J Aust. 1991;155:135–136
  85. Griffin MR, Ray WA, Livengood JR, Schaffner W. Risk of sudden infant death syndrome after immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:618–623
  86. Hoffman HJ, Hunter JC, Damus K, Pakter J, Peterson DR, van Belle G, et al. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death: results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Epidemiological Study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome risk factors. Pediatrics. 1987;79:598–611
  87. Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Clements M. Immunisation and the sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73:498–501
  88. Beal SM. SIDS and immunization. Med J Aust. 1990;153:117
  89. Gilbert RE, Fleming PJ, Azaz Y, Rudd PT. Signs of illness preceding sudden unexpected death in infants. BMJ. 1990;300:1237–1239
  90. Ford RP, Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Scragg R, Taylor BJ. SIDS, illness, and acute medical care. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77:54–55
  91. Wigfield RE, Fleming PJ, Berry PJ, Rudd PT, Golding J. Can the fall in Avon's sudden infant death rate be explained by changes in sleeping position?. BMJ. 1992;304:282–283
  92. Dwyer T, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L, Newman NM, Cochrane JA. The contribution of changes in the prevalence of prone sleeping position to the decline in sudden infant death syndrome in Tasmania. JAMA. 1995;273:783–789
  93. Wennergren G, Alm B, Oyen N, Helweg-Larsen K, Milerad J, Skjaerven R, et al. The decline in the incidence of SIDS in Scandinavia and its relation to risk-intervention campaigns. Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:963–968
  94. Nicholl, JP, O»Cathain, A, Antenatal smoking, postnatal passive smoking, and sudden infant death syndrome. In: Poswillo D, Alberman E (eds).Effects of Smoking on the Fetus, Neonate and Child. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1992
  95. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Pollard K, Platt MW, Leach C, Smith I, et al. Pacifier use and sudden infant death syndrome: results from the CESDI/SUDI case control study. CESDI SUDI Research Team. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:112–116
  96. L»Hoir MP, Engelberts AC, van Well GT, Damste PH, Idema NK, Westers P, et al. Dummy use, thumb sucking, mouth breathing and cot death. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:896–901

PII: S1087-0792(00)90119-9

doi: 10.1053/smrv.2000.0119

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 4, Issue 5 , Pages 453-469 , October 2000