Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 4, Issue 5 , Pages 471-503 , October 2000

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEW ARTICLE: Brain structures and mechanisms involved in the control of cortical activation and wakefulness, with emphasis on the posterior hypothalamus and histaminergic neurons

References 

  1. Bremer F. Cerveau “isolé” et physiologie du sommeil. C R Soc Biol (Paris). 1935;118:1235–1242
  2. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep–waking cycle. Ergebn Physiol. 1972;64:166–307
  3. Moruzzi G. The sleep–waking cycle. Ergeb Physiol. 1972;64:1–165
  4. Steriade, M, Alertness, quiet sleep, dreaming. In: Peters A (ed.). Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 9. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1991, 279, 357
  5. Steriade, M, Buzsaki, G, Parallel activation of thalamic and cortical neurons by brainstem and basal forebrain cholinergic system. In: Steriade M, Biesold D (eds). Brain Cholinergic Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, 3, 64
  6. Jones, BE, Basic mechanisms of sleep–wake states. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1999, 145, 162
  7. Jones, BE, Mühlethaler, M, Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons of the basal forebrain: role in cortical activation. In: Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (eds).Handbook of Behavioral State Control: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Florida: CRC Press LLC, 1999, 213, 233
  8. Moruzzi G, Magoun HW. Brainstem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 1949;1:455–473
  9. Steriade M, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science. 1993;262:679–685
  10. McCormick DA. Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity. Prog Neurobiol. 1992;39:337–388
  11. Denoyer M, Sallanon M, Buda C, Kitahama K, Jouvet M. Neurotoxic lesion of the mesencephalic reticular formation and/or the posterior hypothalamus does not alter waking in the rat. Brain Res. 1991;539:287–303
  12. Angeleri F, Marchesi GF, Quattrini A. Effects of chronic thalamic lesion on the electrical activity of the neocortex and on sleep. Arch Ital Biol. 1969;107:633–667
  13. Villablanca, J, Role of the thalamus in sleep control: sleep–wakefulness in chronic diencephalic and athalamic cats. In: Petre-Quadens O, Schlag JD (eds). Basic Sleep Mechanisms. New York: Academic Press, 1974, 51, 78
  14. Vanderwolf CH, Stewart DJ. Thalamic control of neocortical activation: a critical reevaluation. Brain Res Bull. 1988;20:529–538
  15. Buzsaki G, Bickford RG, Ponomareff G, Thal LJ, Mandel R, Gage FH. Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. J Neurosci. 1988;8:4007–4026
  16. Shute CCD, Lewis PR. The ascending cholinergic reticular system: neocortical, olfactory and subcortical projections. Brain. 1967;90:497–520
  17. Jones, BE, The organization of central cholinergic systems and their functional importance in sleep–waking states. In: Cuello AC (ed.). Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 98. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 1993, 61, 71
  18. Belardetti F, Borgia R, Mancia M. Prosencephalic mechanisms of ECoG desynchronization in cerveau isolé cats. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 1977;42:212–225
  19. Casamenti F, Deffenu G, Abbamondi AL, Pepeu G. Changes in cortical acetylcholine output induced by modulation of the nucleus basalis. Brain Res Bull. 1986;16:686–695
  20. Khateb A, Fort P, Pegna A, Jones BE, Mühlethaler M. Cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons are excited by histamine in vitro. Neuroscience. 1995;69:495–506
  21. Freund TF, Meskenaite V. γ-Aminobutyric acid-containing basal forebrain neurons innervate inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:738–742
  22. Szymusiak R, McGinty DJ. Sleep suppression following kainic acid-induced lesions of the basal forebrain. Exp Neurol. 1986;94:598–614
  23. Lin, JS, Système histaminergique central et les états de vigilance chez le chat. Thèse de Doctorat d»Etat es Sciences. Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France, 1994, 238
  24. Hobson JA, McCarley RW, Wyzinsky PW, Pivik RT. Reciprocal tonic firing by FTG and LC neurons during the sleep–waking cycle. Sleep Res. 1973;2:29
  25. McGinty DJ, Harper RM. Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats. Brain Res. 1976;101:569–575
  26. Steriade M, Hobson JA. Neuronal activity during the sleep–waking cycle. Prog Neurobiol. 1976;6:153–376
  27. Steriade M, McCarley RW. New York: Plenum Press. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. 1990;
  28. Jones BE, Bobillier P, Pin C, Jouvet M. The effects of lesions of catecholamine containing neurons upon monoamine content of the brain and EEG and behavioral waking in the cat. Brain Res. 1973;58:157–177
  29. Jones BE, Harper ST, Halaris AE. Effects of locus coeruleus lesions upon cerebral monoamine content, sleep–wakefulness states and the response to amphetamine in the cat. Brain Res. 1977;124:473–496
  30. Gonzalez MMdelC, Debilly G, Valatx JL. Noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP-4 effects on sleep and brain temperature in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1998;248:93–96
  31. Foote SL, Bloom FE, Aston-Jones G. Nucleus locus coeruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol Rev. 1983;63:844–914
  32. Cirelli C, Pompeiano M, Tononi G. Neuronal gene expression in the waking state: a role for the locus coeruleus. Science. 1996;274:1211–1215
  33. Dringenberg HC, Vanderwolf CH. Involvement of direct and indirect pathways in electroÍcorticographic activation. Neurosci Behav Rev. 1998;22:243–257
  34. Petitjean F, Buda C, Janin M, Sallanon M, Jouvet M. Insomnie par administration de paracholorephenylalanine: réversibilité par injection périphérique ou centrale de 5-hydroxyÍtryptophane et de sérotonine. Sleep. 1985;8:56–67
  35. Cespuglio R, Houdouin F, Oulerich M, El Mansari M, Jouvet M. Axonal and somato-dendritic modalities of serotonin release: their involvement in sleep preparation, triggering and maintenance. J Sleep Res. 1992;1:150–156
  36. Ottersen, OP, Storm-Mathisen, J, Neurons containing or accumulating transmitter amino acids. In: Björklund A, Hökfet T, Kuhar MJ (eds).Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 3. Part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984, 141, 246
  37. Sakai, K, Physiological properties and afferent connections of the locus coeruleus and adjacent tegmental neurons involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep in the cat. In: Barnes CD, Pompeiano O (eds). Progress in Brain Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 1991, 88, 31, 45
  38. Saper CB. Lateral hypothalamic innervation of the cerebral cortex: immunoreactive staining for a peptide resembling but immunochemically distinct from pituitary/arcuate α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Brain Res Bull. 1986;16:107–120
  39. Bittencourt JC, Presse F, Arias C. The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization. J Comp Neurol. 1992;319:218–245
  40. Peyron C, Tighe DK, van den Pol AN. Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci. 1998;18:9996–10015
  41. Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999;98:437–451
  42. Paut-Pagano L, Roky R, Valatx JL, Kitahama K, Jouvet M. Anatomical distribution of prolactin-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology. 1993;58:682–695
  43. Panula P, Yang HYT, Costa E. Histamine-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984;81:2572–2576
  44. Steinbusch, HWM, Mulder, AH, Immunohistochemical localization of histamine in neurons and mast cells in the rat brain. In: Björklund A, Hökfet T, Kuhar MJ (eds). Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 3. Part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984, 3, 126, 140
  45. Watanabe T, Taguchi Y, Shiosaka S. Distribution of histaminergic system in the central nervous system of rats: a fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis with histidine decarboxylase as a marker. Brain Res. 1984;295:13–25
  46. Lin JS, Luppi PH, Salvert D, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Histamine-containing neurons in the cat hypothalamus. C R Acad Sci (III). 1986;303:371–376
  47. Lin JS, Kitahama K, Fort P. Histaminergic system in the posterior hypothalamus in the cat with reference to type B monoamine oxidase. J Comp Neurol. 1993;330:405–420
  48. Ericson H, Köhler C, Blomqvist A. GABA-like immunoreactivity in the tuberomammillary nucleus: an electron microscopic study in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1991;305:1–8
  49. Airaksinen MS, Alanen S, Szabat E, Visser T, Panula P. Multiple neurotransmittors in the tuberomammillary nucleus: comparison of rat, mouse and guinea pig. J Comp Neurol. 1992;323:103–116
  50. Yoshimoto Y, Sakai K, Luppi PH. Forebrain afferents to the cat posterior hypothalamus: a double labeling study. Brain Res Bull. 1989;23:83–104
  51. Sakai K, Yoshimoto Y, Luppi PH. Lower brainstem afferents to the cat posterior hypothalamus: a double labeling study. Brain Res Bull. 1990;24:437–455
  52. Sakai, K, El Mansari, M, Lin, JS, Zhang, JG, Vanni-Mercier, G, The posterior hypothalamus in the regulation of wakefulness and paradoxical sleep. In: Mancia M, Marini G (eds). The Diphencephalon and Sleep. New York: Raven Press Ltd, 1990, 171, 198
  53. Ford B, Holmes CJ, Mainville L, Jones BE. GABAergic neurons in the rat pontomesencephalic tegmentum: codistribution with cholinergic and other tegmental neurons projecting to the posterior lateral hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol. 1995;363:177–196
  54. Sherin JE, Elmquist JK, Torrealba F, Saper CB. Innervation of histaminergic tuberoÍmammillary neurons by GABAergic and galaninergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the rat. J Neurosci. 1998;18:4705–4721
  55. Economo, von C, Die Pathologie des Schlafes. In: von Bethe A, Bergmann GV, Embden G, Ellinger A (eds). Handbuch des Normalen und Pathologischen Physiologie, Vol. 17. Berlin: Springer, 1926, 591, 610
  56. Nauta WHJ. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep in rats. Experimental study. J Neurophysiol. 1946;9:285–316
  57. Wilson CL, Motter BC, Lindsley DB. Influences of hypothalamic stimulation upon septal and hippocampal electrical activity in the cat. Brain Res. 1976;107:55–68
  58. Sakai K, Salvert D, Kimura H, Maeda T, Jouvet M. Ascending and descending projections of caudal hypothalamic neurons stained by serotonin immunohistochemistry after administration of 5-hydroxytriptophan in the cat. C R Acad Sci. 1983;296:1013–1018
  59. Saper CB. Organization of cerebral afferent systems in the rat. II. Hypothalamocortical projections. J Comp Neurol. 1985;237:21–46
  60. Vanni-Mercier G, Sakai K, Salvert D, Jouvet M. “Waking-state specific” neurons in the caudal hypothalamus of the cat. C R Acad Sci. 1984;298:195–200
  61. Krilowiicz BL, Szymusiak R, McGinty D. Regulation of posterior lateral hypothalamus arousal related neuronal discharge by preoptic anterior hypothalamic warming. Brain Res. 1995;668:30–38
  62. Steininger LT, Alam MN, Gong H, Szymusiak R, McGinty D. Sleep–waking discharge of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus of the albino rat. Brain Res. 1999;840:138–147
  63. Sallanon M, Sakai K, Buda C, Puymartin M, Jouvet M. Increase of paradoxical sleep induced by microinjections of ibotenic acid into the ventrolateral part of the posterior hypothalamus in the cat. Arch Ital Biol. 1988;126:87–97
  64. Lin JS, Sakai K, Vanni-Mercier G, Jouvet M. A critical role of the posterior hypothalamus in the mechanisms of wakefulness determined by microinjection of muscimol in freely moving cats. Brain Res. 1989;479:225–240
  65. Nitz D, Siegel JA. GABA release in posterior hypothalamus across sleep–wake cycle. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:R1707–R1712
  66. Sallanon M, Denoyer M, Kitahama K. Long-lasting insomnia induced by preoptic neuron lesions and its transient reversal by muscimol injection into the posterior hypoÍthalamus in the cat. Neuroscience. 1989;32:669–683
  67. Lin JS, Roussel B, Akaoka H. Role of catecholamines in the modafinil and amphetamine induced wakefulness, a comparative pharmacological study in the cat. Brain Res. 1992;591:319–326
  68. Lin JS, Hou Y, Jouvet M. Potential brain targets for amphetamine-, methylphenidate- and modafinil-induced wakefulness, evidenced byc-fos immunocytochemistry in the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1996;93:14128–14133
  69. Shekhar A, Di Micco JA. Defense reaction elicited by injection of GABA antagonists and synthesis inhibitors into the posterior hypothalamus in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1987;26:407–417
  70. Waldrop TG, Bauer RM, Iwamoto GA. Microinjection of GABA antagonists into the posterior hypothalamus elicits locomotor activity and a cardiorespiratory activation. Brain Res. 1988;444:84–94
  71. Bauer RM, Vela MB, Simon T, Waldrop TG. A GABAergic mechanism in the posterior hypothalamus modulates baroreflex bradycardia. Brain Res. 1988;20:633–641
  72. Spencer SE, Sawyer WB, Loewy AD. L-glutamate mapping of cardioreactive areas in the rat posterior hypothalamus. Brain Res. 1990;511:149–157
  73. Lin L, Faraco J, Li R. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell. 1999;98:365–376
  74. Douglas, WW, Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and their antagonists. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds).The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Macmillan, 1985, 605, 638
  75. Prell GD, Green JP. Histamine as a neuroregulator. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:209–254
  76. Hough LB. Cellular localization and possible functions for brain histamine: recent progress. Progr Neurobiol. 1988;30:469–505
  77. Schwartz JC, Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Pollard H, Ruat M. Histaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain. Physiol Rev. 1991;71:1–51
  78. Lin JS, Hou Y, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Histaminergic descending inputs to the mesopontine tegmentum and their role in the control of cortical activation and wakefulness in the cat. J Neurosci. 1996;16:1523–1537
  79. Lin JS, Araneda S, Parmentier R, Vanni-Mercier G, Jouvet M. Identification of histamine H1-receptor mRNA within mesopontine cholinergic neurons in guinea-pigs by in situ hybridization coupled with immunocytochemistry. Sleep. 1998;21 (Suppl.):20
  80. Parmentier R, Lin JS, Araneda S, Vanni-Mercier G, Jouvet M. Identification of histamine H1-receptor mRNA in guinea pig brain by in situ hybridization with special focus on basal forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons. Sleep Res Online. 1999;2 (Suppl. I):71
  81. Traiffort E, Leurs R, Arrang JM. Guinea pig histamine H1 receptor. I. Gene cloning, characterization, and tissue expression revealed by in situ hybridization. J Neurochem. 1994;62:507–518
  82. Lintunen M, Sallmen T, Karlstedt K. Postnatal expression of H1-receptor mRNA in the rat brain: correlation to L-histidine decarboxylase expression and local upregulation in limbic seizures. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10:2287–2301
  83. Vizuete ML, Traiffort E, Bouthenet ML. Detailed mapping of the histamine H2 receptor and its gene transcripts in guinea-pig brain. Neuroscience. 1997;80:321–343
  84. Haas, HL, Reiner, PB, Greene, RW, Histaminergic and histaminoceptive neurons: electroÍphysiological study in vertebrates. In: Watanabe T, Wada H (eds). Histaminergic neurons: Morphology and Function. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991, 195, 208
  85. Haas, HL, Electrophysiology of histamine-receptors. In: Schwartz JC, Haas HL (eds). The Histamine Receptors. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1992, 161, 178
  86. Orr E, Quay WB. Hypothalamic 24-hour rhythms in histamine, histidine and decarboxylase and histamine-N-methyltransferase. Endocrinology. 1975;96:941–945
  87. Mochizuki T, Yamatodani A, Okacura K. Circadian rhythm of histamine release from the hypothalamus of freely moving rat. Physiol Behav. 1992;51:391–394
  88. Onoé H, Yamatodani A, Watanabe Y. Prostaglandin E2 and histamine in the posterior hypothalamus. J Sleep REs. 1992;1 (Suppl. 1):166
  89. Reiner PB, Kamondi A. Mechanisms of antihistamine-induced sedation in the human brain: H1receptor activation reduces a background leakage potassium current. Neuroscience. 1994;59:579–588
  90. Khateb A, Serafin M, Mühlethaler M. Histamine excites pedunculopontine neurones in guinea pig brainstem slices. Neurosci Lett. 1990;112:257–262
  91. Bekkers JM. Enhancement by histamine of NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Science. 1993;261:104–106
  92. Vorobjev VS, Sharonova IN, Walsh IB, Haas HL. Histamine potentiates N-Methyl-D-Aspartate responses in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons. Neuron. 1993;11:837–844
  93. Lin JS, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Evidence for histaminergic arousal mechanisms in the hypothalamus of cats. Neuropharmacology. 1988;27:111–122
  94. Kiyono S, Seo M, Shibagaki M. Effects of α-fluoromethylhistidine on sleep–waking parameters in rats. Physiol Bheav. 1984;34:615–617
  95. Monti JM, D»Angeto L, Jantos H, Pazos S. Effects of α-fluoromethylhistidine on sleep and wakefulness in the rat. J Neural Transm. 1988;72:141–145
  96. Nicholson AN, Stone BM. Antihistamines: impaired performance and the tendency to sleep. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;30:27–32
  97. Lin JS, Sakai K, Vanni-Mercier G. Involvement of histaminergic neurons in arousal mechanisms demonstrated with H3-receptor ligands in the cat. Brain Res. 1990;523:325–330
  98. Monti JM, Jantos H, Boussard M. Effects of selective activation or blockade of the histamine H3-receptor on sleep and wakefulness. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991;205:283–287
  99. Ligneau X, Lin JS, Vanni-Mercier G. Neurochemical and behavioral effects of ciproxifan, a potent histamine H3-receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;287:658–666
  100. Lin JS, Yao YZ, Parmentier R. Importance of histaminergic ascending projections in cortical activation demonstrated with H1 and H3 receptor ligands and c-fos labeling in mesencephalic transectioned cats. Sleep Res Online. 1999;2 (Suppl. I):54
  101. Lin JS, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Hypothalamo-preoptic histaminergic projections in sleep–wake control in the cat. Eur J Neurosci. 1994;6:618–625
  102. Szymusiak R, Alam N, Steininger TL, McGinty DJ. Sleep–waking discharge of ventrolateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats. Brain Res. 1998;803:178–188
  103. Steininger TL, Stevens DR, Haas HL, McGinty D, Szymusiak R. Preoptic area inhibition of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons in vitro. Sleep Res. 1997;26:45
  104. North RA. Receptors on individual neurones. Neuroscience. 1986;17:899–907
  105. McCormick DA, Williamson A. Convergence and divergence of neurotransmitter action in human cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:8098–8102
  106. Nicoll RA, Malenka RC, Kauer JA. Functional comparison of neurotransmitter receptor subtypes in mammalian central nervous system. Physiol Rev. 1990;70:513–565

PII: S1087-0792(00)90116-3

doi: 10.1053/smrv.2000.0116

Sleep Medicine Reviews
Volume 4, Issue 5 , Pages 471-503 , October 2000